||iiiPPiiWk:s.iiii^.'v  ■: 


■"% 


i"^"^      "^aiAiNiiwv^       '^dojiivjio'f^     %Oiiivjjo^       <rju3HVS0\"^'^     ^ajAiNii^v^ 


1^"^      V/sajMNiviHV^       '"'OAaviiaii-iv!>     '"■^(?A«vaaii#        <f3U3Nvsov'*'~^     '%aiAiNiui\v^ 
Of^     ^mimo/^       aweunivers/a      ^iosanceut.       ^aiubraryo/^     ^vMUBraryq^^ 

^OfCAllFOff^  ^^\^EUNIVERJ/^       ^lOSMElij;^         ^OFCAllfOff^       ^OfCAllFOI?^ 


\.m^mi>^      ^mKmv  ,\mmor^    ^Amimo/-^      ^^M^umvEK//^^     _^.K•mANCE^fc»^ 

'•/'/i         ^v>  .^OfCAIIFOff^v^       ^,OFfAllF0P<^^^  ^-V)i<FllNIVfR%        ^VlOS-ANCFIfr. 


[Dr/.  ,  inr  (urci  r<-  .it  ipdd^dvai.  .it.iiDD.\tr, 


.>>>■"     ''>aojiroio'^'  .1^^^     'vym\jwii\:i"       "-♦aoiuvj  jo>'     '-''. 


>urri  f/-  .  At  rAfirnc. 


.ii^vioi^'      v/iai,\i{i,i-ik^:i.''       vo^^uvaaui'i"^^      /CAavaaiii'^^ 


'%       :^  '■% 


'^/Sa3AINn-3ftV  '6 


'^tfOJIWJJO'^        ^i. 


i?  -f^r 


^OAavaan-#       <r. 


A? 


vlOSANCF: 


LIBRARY^)/         -^UIRRAR^ 


([•UNIVfRJ/^       ^vlO^WCFlfr.j,         ^vvf-llBRARYo 


■^/Sa3AIN(13\^ 
.vlOS'ANf.F! 


'%        ^j,OFCAI|F0;?,>^  ^^y\f.ijNIWR%        ^jv:\nSAVCflff,,,  ^QFTAIIFO/? 


-^/^a. 


\\\f  IIMVFR.f//.  .vinVA>jr.Fi;r.  .wMIRftAR^Y^A  .aMIBRARY^--  ,  \\\E  I'MNTRJ/. 


''-"immw- 


'JilJD'-Y-^UV-^ 


^\\f  I'M' 


1^ 


0^  «J 


^AaMiNn-3ftv^ 


'%    ^ 


%a3AiNn3WV^      '^^<?Aavaan-#    "^OAUvaan^       ^nmm  ;j3AiNn]WV^      ''^OAavaafH^ 

^^MIBRARYO^  ^^MMINIVFI?y/y;t^       ^>:inSANCflf,r>.  ^MIBRARYi9/-^       J^^^•llBRARY(?/■ ,  ^-^V^FUNIVFRf^ 


BUNGALOWS 


BUNGALOWS 


THEIR  DESIGN,  CONSTRUCTION  AND 
FURNISHING,  WITH  SUGGESTIONS  ALSO 
FOR  CAMPS,  SUMMER  HOMES  AND 
COTTAGES     OF      SIMILAR      CHARACTER 

Illustrated  by  photographs  and  plans 


HENRY  H.  SAYLOR 


NEW   YORK 
McBRlDE,  WINSTON   &  COMPANY 

IQTI 


C  O  P  V  K  I  G  II  T  ,       1  0  ■   ■  .       n  Y 

McBRIDE.  WINSTON'  &  CO. 


Fi  rst    Edit 
Printed  April. 


stack 
Annex 


To  R.  M.  Ale's., 

in  grateful  reeognition  of  an 
unfailing  source  of  energy  and 
enthusiasm,  the  author    dedi- 
cates this  book 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

"]iu.\GAL-Oi>E,"  by  Burgess  Johnson 2 

Chapter         I     IxTUonucTinx 5 

Chapter       11    RrxcALow  Types 19 

Chaptek     111     lU'NCALow.s  EUH  THE  Seacoast,  AVooDs  AND  Hills...  47 

Chapter      IV    The  Pla\ 63 

Chapter        "\"    Foundations 87 

Chapter      VI    Wall  .Materials 95 

Chapter    Vll    Roofixc;   Mateui.\ls 109 

Chapter  A'IU     Inteuiok  I'lxisii 117 

Chai>ter      IX    The    I'Ikeplace 135 

Chaiter        X    FuRxniRE  axd   1"i;rxisiiixo 149 

ChaITER        XI       I.KiHTIXG  SYSTEMS 159 

Chaiter    XII     \\'ater  81TPPLY 164 

Chapter  XIII     Se\vac:e   Dl-^po-^al 169 

Ch.mter  X1\"     J'laxtixi;   173 

IXDEX 1S9 


A  List  of  the  Bungalows  Illustrated 


Tlie  home  of  Mr.  ().  W.  Rol)ertson,  Xordhoff,  C'al    Frontispiece 

PAGE 

The  bungalow  of   Mr.  J.  Acker  Hays,  architect.  Fort  Montgomery,  X.  Y.  0 

The  bungalow  of    Mr.  Milton  Wilson,  Ilavinia,  111 S 

A  shingled  bungalow  at  liurlingame,  Cal 9 

The  Haynes  House,  on  the  Massachusetts  coast 11 

The  Lindsay  bimgalow  at  Altadena,  Cal 12 

An  Adirondack  lodge  on  Lake  Wilbert,  Franklin  County,  X.  Y 13 

The  Fitzgerald  bungalow-  at  Duarte,  Cal 18 

The  bungalow  community  of  St.  I-"rancis  Court,  Pasadena,  Cal 20 

The  bungalow  of  Mrs.  J.  .\.  Hobert,  South  Pasadena,  Cal 26 

The  patio  bungalow  of  Mis.  James  M.  Codman.  "\^'areham.,  Ma.ss 27 

The  bungalow  of  .Mr.  Francis  W.  Wilson,  architect,  Santa  liarbara,  Cal. .  .  29 

Tlie  liome  of  .Mr.  .1.  H.  Strongman.  A\'estboro,  Mass 32 

A  tent-hou,se 33 

A  type  of  vacation  home  in  the  Catskills 34 

A  small  Southern  California  bungalow 35 

A  tent-house  of  Southern  California 35 

The  Lodge,  Compton,  near  Philadclpliia,  Pa 36 

A  .summer  bungalow  at  liright waters.  Hay  Shore,  L.  1 37 

A  .small  tent-hou.se  in  California 38 

A  small  temjiorary  home  in  California 39 

The  Innigalow  of  Mrs.  Aitkcn.  M.iywood,  111 40 

The  home  of  Mr.  F.  I..  Milliken.  Kenbenua,  .Mass 42 


PAGE 

The  h(imc  nf  Mr.  \V.  B.  Walker,  Hamilton.  Mass 43 

A  two-story  log  shack 44 

A  two-story  house  of  the  "  Chicago  School " ~ 45 

A  New  England  seacoast  bungalow 48 

Porch  of  the  T.  C.  Holiander  l)ungalow.  Misery  Island,  Mass 48 

A  bungalow  at  Brightwaters,  Bayshorc,  L.  1 49 

A  two-stor\'  Massachusetts  coast  home  built  along  l:)ungaIow  lines 49 

Cement  bungalows  in  Santa  Domingo 50 

The  bungalow  of  Mr.  H.  M.  Stewart.  Ravonah  Park.  X.  Y.. .' 51 

A  camp  at  Blue  Mountain  Lake,  X.  Y 52 

A  shingled  liungalow  at  Belle  Terre,  L.I 55 

The  summer  camp  of  Mr.  William  P.  Hubon,  near  Salem,  Mass 56 

The  winter  home  of  Mr.  W.  A.  (."hilds.  Riverside,  Cal 57 

The  summer  home  of  Mr.  Harry  Gillett,  Gates  Mill,  Ohio 59 

The  ranch  house  of  Mr.  C.  L.  Frost,  Hollywood,  Cal 59 

A  bungalow  at  Belle  Terre,  L.  I.,  overlooking  the  Sound 60 

A  bungalow  of  Japanese  inspiration 60 

Typical  plan  of  a  bungalow  by  Edward  King,  architect 64 

The  Estabrook  bungalow.  Oak  Park,  111 66 

.\  brick  and  stucco  bungalow  at  Belle  Terre,  L.  1 68 

The  bungalow  of  Mr.  i:dwin  C.  Hart.  San  Marino.  Cal 69 

Plan  for  a  bungalow  on  a  narrow  lot,  by  W.  E.  Allen,  architect 73 

A  stucco  bimgalow  in  Xew  England 74 

The  home  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Camp,  Cranford,  X .  .1 76 

The  Putnam  bungalow  at  Ormond  Bc.-ich.  Fla 78 

The  porch  of  Mr.  lamest  Thomp.son  Scton's  home,  Coscob,  Conn 79 

The  ranch  house  of  Mr.  .John  T.  Allen.  Hollywood,  Cal 82 


PAGE 

The  porch  of  Mr.  Charles  Pon-y  Austin's  liomo,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 84 

A  dining-porch 85 

The  bungalow  of  Mr.  D.  D.  A\'alkcr,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 86 

The  l)ungalo\v  of  .Mr.  Lee  .\.  .McConnell.  near  Pasadena,  Cal 88 

A  five-room  California  bungalow 90 

A  thousand-dollar  bungalow  in  California 91 

A  new  England  summer  liome  of  weathered  shingles 92 

A  shingled  summer  home  on  brick  piers 92 

The  bungalow  of  Mr.  S.  P.  Austin,  .\spinwall,  Pa 90 

A  bungalow  of  rough  boards,  at  Brightwaters.  Bayshore,  I..  1 97 

The  bungalow  of  .Mr.  W.  B.  Littell.  Denville,  X.  J 97 

The  bungalow  of  .Mr.  .\i'turo  Baiuliui,  Pasadena,  Cal 98 

A  shingled  bungalow  at  Brightwaters.  Bayshore,  L.  T 99 

A  summer  home  of  logs  at  Metuchen,  X.J 101 

A  bunaglow  of  rough  lioards  at  Brightwaters,  Bayshore,  L.  1 102 

A  seven-hundred-ilollar  California  Inmgalow 102 

The  .studio  of  Mr.  Edward  I^.  Fes.ser,  Kensico,  X.  Y 104 

A  stucco  bungalow  at  Brightwaters,  Bayshore,  L.I 105 

A  hollow  terra  cotta  tile  bungalow 106 

The  bungalow  of  Count  (lustaf  ().\ensti(>rna.  Huntinuton  Terrace,  L.  L.  .  .  108 

An  example  of  t he .s([ua re-plan  roof 110 

The  bungalow  of  Mr.  K.  F.  W .  Sadler,  Fort  Montgomery,  X.  Y 112 

The  living-room  in  .Mr.  11.  P.  I5enson's  bungalow,  Danvers,  .Mass 134 

Fireplace  in  the  home  of  .Mr.  IL  .\'.  Saxton,  .Ti-.,  Knowille,  Tenn 140 

Fireplace  in  the  bungalow  of  .Mr.  .\.  H.    N'easey,  near  Haverhill.  .Mass. .  .  .  140 

A  summer  home  and  its  windmill I55 

The  bimgalow  of  Mrs.  D.  II.  Cirouanl.  .Mtadena,  Cal 172 

A  simple  claiiboarded  bungalow  behind  its  ro.se  hedge 188 


BUNGALOWS 


Bun^al-Ode 

l;v    lirijcliss  .Idiixsox 

There's  a  jingle  in  the  jungle, 

'Neath  the  juniper  and  pine, 
They  are  mangling  the  tangle 

Of  the  underbrush  and  vine, 
And  my  blood  is  all  a-tingle 

At  the  sound  of  blow  on  blow, 
As  I  count  each  single  shingle 

On  my  bosky  bungalow. 

There's  a  jingle  in  the  jungle, 

I  am  counting  every  nail, 
And  my  mind  is  bungaloaded, 

Bungaloping  down  a  trail ; 
And  I  dream  of  every  ingle 

Where  I  angle  at  my  ease, 
Naught  to  set  my  nerves  a -jingle, 

I  may  bungle  all  I  please. 


I'rofn  Good  Housekrcpinfi  Maf^azint,  Sy  permission 

(2) 


For  I  oft  get  bungalonely 

In  the  mingled  human  drove, 
And  1  long  for  bungaloaflng 

In  some  bungalotus  grove, 
In  a  cooling  bung'  location 

Where  no  troubling  trails  intrude, 
'Neath  some  bungalowly  rooftree 

In  east  bungalongitude. 

Oh,  1  think  with  bungaloathing 

Of  the  strangling  social  swim. 
Where  they  wrangle  after  bangles 

Or  for  some  new-fangled  whim; 
And  1  know  by  bungalogic 

That  is  all  my  bungalown 
That  a  little  bungalotion 

Mendeth  every  mortal  moan  I 

Oh,  a  man  that's  bungalonging 

For  the  dingle  and  the  loam 
is  a  very  bungalobster 

if  he  dangles  on  at  home. 
Catch  the  bungalocomotive; 

If  you  cannot  face  the  fee. 
Why,  a  bungaloan  '11  do  it — 

You  can  borrow  it  of  me  I 


(3) 


Chapter  I 

In  traduction 


THE  term  "Bungalow"  provides  a  curious  example  of 
how  we  Americans  overwork  a  word  that  is  euphonious 
and  the  meaning  of  which,  because  of  the  word's  com- 
paratively recent  assimilation  into  the  language,  is  somewhat 
uncertain.  One  hears  nearly  every  type  of  country  or  suhurljan 
home  called  a  bungalow,  provided  only  that  the  house  is  some- 
what informal  or  picturesque  in  its  lines.  Someone  has  face- 
tiously remarked  that  in  the  new  dictionaries  a  bungalow  should 
be  defined  as  "  a  house  that  looks  as  if  it  had  been  built  for  less 
money  than  it  actually  cost." 

It  seems  worth  while,  in  view  of  tlie  popular  niisconception 
of  the  word's  actual  significance,  to  look  into  its  derivation 
with  the  purpose  of  finding  out  just  when  it  may  properly  be 
applied  and  when  it  is  a  misnomer. 

According  to  the  authorities,  a  bungalow  is  a  "  Bengalese 
house,"  but  it  is  not  the  typical  native's  home  in  India.  These 
are  of  an  entirely  different  type  from  our  conception  of  the  word. 
The  only  bungalows  to  be  seen  in  India  are  the  "  Rest  Houses," 
erected  by  the  EngUsh  government  along  the  main  roads  of 
travel.  These  are  inns  or  hotels,  consisting  of  a  large  central 
building  divided  in  the  middle  by  a  hall  separating  large  rooms, 
with  a  kitchen  in  a  separate  Iniilding  that  is  reached  through  a 

(■V 


BUNGALOWS 


Plan  on  fage  7;  interior  belou',-  f.rcflace  on  page  7  J.  Acker  Hays,  architect 

Mr.  Hays   has  used   rough  boards,  battened  on  the  outside,  in  the  walls  of  his  bung- 
alow.    The  roof  is  covered  with  a  rubber-like  preparation  obtainable  in  rolls  and  he 
has  turned  this  down  over  the  edges  of  the  roof  to  soften  the  lines 

covered  passageway.  In  these  Rest  Houses  the  bedrooms  are 
in  still  another  adjoining  structure,  always  a  long  low  building 
with  the  bed-chambers  opening  upon  a  straight  corridor.  A 
low,  rambUng  mass,  with  wide  verandas,  overhanging  eaves, 

floors  of  stone  or 
concrete  and 
single-story  con- 
struction, are 
the  character- 
istics of  the  true 
Indian  l)unga- 
liiw.  There  is 
never  a  second 
story,  never  dor- 
mer windows  to 
break    the    long 

•:n.l  firrpUlce  cm  fast  r;  exterior  above  r.    'w.-r  ti  r.!,  ar.htteit  ■  1  e 

In  the  living-room  the  studding  of  the  walls  is  left  un-  Simple         root 

covered.  Mr.  Hays  has  made  the  main  window  of  his  nlaiies  tll'lt  'U)- 
living-room  an  interesting  feature  by  the  use  of  rectangular  '        '  ' 

leading  with  a  single  panel  of  colored  glass  pear     to      COme 


IXTRODUCTIOX 


Exterior  jnd  interior  oil  page  6;  fireplace  below 
The   Hays  bungalow  is  limited   to   the    mere 
essentials  in  plan.     The  gallery  porch  is  used 
whenever  possible  as  the  outdoor  dining-room 


down,  particularly  at  the 
ends  or  corners,  nearly  to 
the  ground. 

In  adapting  this  type 
of  building  to  our  own 
needs,  we  realize  at  the 
very  outset  that  there  are 
two  forces  working 
against  the  adoption  of 
the  true  bungalow  char- 
acteristics. One  of  these 
is  the  element  of  cost;  a 
building  with  all  its 
rooms  upon  the  ground 
floor  is  the  most  expen- 
sive kind  to  build.  There  is  more  wall  surface  and  roof  area  in 
proportion  to  the  enclosed  space  than  in  a  building  of  two  or 
more  stories.  Then,  too,  there  is  a  common  prejudice  against 
having  our  bedrooms  on  the  ground  level,  particularly  since  we 
do  not  have  to  contend  with  the  burning  heat  of  India.  There 
the  deep  air  space  enclosed  in  the  roof  above  low  ceilings  is  a 
necessary  protection  against  the  sun.  With  us  the  air  space 
above  even  the  second-story  rooms  is  sufficient  for  protective 
purposes,  this 
being  about  six  or 
eight  feet  high  in 
a  bungalow  that  is 
t w e n t y - fi v:e  or 
thirty  feet  wide. 
When  we  meet  the 
pn)!)lem  of  light- 
ing and  ventilating 
these  bedrooms, 
however,  the  main 
difficulty  of  adapt- 
ing; the  bungalow 


Mr.  Hays'  bungalow  takes  its  name  "Barsden"  from  the 

curious  keystone  of  the  fireplace  arch,  closely  resembhng 

a  bear's  head 


IXTRODUCTIOX 


type  becomes  apparent.  AVith  the  addition  of  dormer  win- 
dows the  attractive  simphcity  of  the  roof  is  at  once  spoiled. 
To  secure  head-room  in  the  licdrooms  the  whole  roof  must  be 
raised,  and  with  this  change  the  building  loses  at  once  its  similar- 
ity to  the  real  bungalow.  So  if  we  are  to  be  free  to  call  our 
summer  home  a  bungalow  it  should  have  all  of  its  rooms  on  the 
ground  floor. 

Granting,  then,  that  our 
bungalow  shall  be  a  one- 
story  affair — or  at  least 
that  any  space  on  an  up- 
per floor  shall  be  of  minor 
importance,  without  the 
necessity  for  much  outside 
light,  let  us  look  into  the 
matter  of  planning  the 
main  floor.  Simple  as  a 
bungalow  appears  out- 
wardly, an  economical 
arrangement  of  living- 
rooin,  dining-room,  service 
and  liedroonis,  with  moans 
of  ready  intercommunica- 
tion, is  not  easily  accom- 
phshed.  The  first  rough 
draft  of  our  floor  plan  will 
probably  reveal  the  fact 
that  we  are  wasting 
twenty-five  per  cent,  of 
the  whole  area  in  hall 
space.  As  .  has  been  said 
above,  the  true  Indian 
bungalow  usually  has  its 
bedrooms  strung  along  a 
long  straight  corridor. 
While   that  is   to   be   ex- 


■^." 


-'^„ 


-  £.v.\.  "dBU 


Myron  Hunt  cT"  ElmCT  Grty,  archiucts 

The    characteristic    ornament    of    the    Swiss 

ch^et     type — sawed-out    eaves     boards    and 

balcony  railing 


10 


BUNGALOWS 


pected  in  a  hotel,  it  is  assuredly  not  desirable  in  a  private  dwell- 
ing. It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  lay  down  any  hard-and-fast  rules 
for  bungalow  planning,  but  I  think  it  will  usually  be  found  that 


.'^C^ 


J'lui:  below:  porch  on  /"jcc  yo  Sylvain  ScUnailtaclwr .  arckitccl 

A  shingled  bungalow  at  Burlins;anie,  Cal.,  which  cost,  with  barn  and  out- 
buildings, Sio,5oo 


an  arrangement  providing  for  a 
large  living-room  or  hall  extend- 
ing through  the  mitldle  of  the 
building  from  front  to  rear,  from 
which  open  at  both  sides  the 
bedrooms  and  dining-room,  with 
the  kitchen  and  service  portion 
extending  out  l)oyond  the  latter, 
will  form  an  excellent  basis  upon 
which  to  develop  the  final  layout. 
With  this  scheme  the  bathroom, 
or  bathrooms,  may  offer  some 
difficulty,  though  these  may 
probably  be  planned  to  come 
between  two  adjacent  bedrooms, 
opening  into  e;icti.      Tliis  matter, 


An  excellent  example   of  the  central 

living-room  type  where   the  sleeping 

quarters  are  reached  by  a  single  door 

from  the  living-room 


I  \  T  K  0  D  r  (' T  I  ()  X 


11 


however,  will  be  discussed  in  greater  detail  in  the  chapter  on 
planning. 

The  piazza,  of  course,  is  one  of  the  essentials,  but  it  will  be 
well  to  provide  for  this  so  that  it  will  not  darken  too  much  of 
the  interior.  Usually  there  is  no  great  objection  in  having  it 
cross  the  l)edrooni  windows,  since  these  rooms  are  not  rec^uired 
to  be  so  bright.  In  the  typical  arrangement  that  has  been  sug- 
gested, the  piazza  could  be  carried  across  the  entire  front  or  rear, 
as  the  exigencies  of  the  land  may  require,  its  roof  being  broken, 
in  the  space  adjoining  the  living-room,  by  a  section  of  imcovered 
rafters  in  a  sort  of  pergola  motive,  upon  which  not-too-enthusias- 
tic vines  may  be  allowed  to  climb. 

As  to  the  materials  of  which  the  bungalow  shall  be  built, 
there  is  a  fairly  wide  choice — shingles,  cement,  field-stone,  logs, 
slabs  on  an  ordinary  stud  frame,  or  even  common  rough 
boards,  overlapping  if  nailed  horizontally  to  the  framework,  or 


that  will  licit  tilt  nil    li^l't  from  the  iiuisl  nnportaiit  looms  ol    the  ho 
framework  may  be  covered  by  a  roll  awning  when  desired 


ilihim 
The 


iS 


ii 


I  X  T  R  O  D  T^  C  T I O  X 


13 


battened  with  narrow  strips  if  put  on  vortically  from  sill  to  roof- 
plate. 

Logs,  while  undoubtedly  picturesque  and  harmonious  with  the 
informal  character  of  the  building,  are  usually  unsatisfactory. 
Their  use  requires  skilled  and  experienced  lal)or  and,  even  when 


Itxlerlors  ff-  !0..j  I.  lOo.  111.  ;,;;  mUriors  ff<.  /;i,  ;.;■?.  /;c). /■..;.    iJjlts,  McGralli  &  Sliepdr.:    arc! 

The  typical  Adirondack  lodge,  this  particular  example  being  on  Lake  Wilbert,  Frank- 
lin County,  N.  Y.     The  structure  is  of  smooth  logs  with  plastered  chinks 


14 


B  U  X C.  A  I.  ()  W  S 


One  of  the  interesting  buildings  in  the  bungalow  community  called  St.  Francis  Court, 
Pasadena,  Cal.     Here  again  the  open-roof  porch  is  cleverly  introduced 


well  put  together,  they  are  apt  to  give  troul)le  after  a  year  or  so, 
through  the  visitation  of  borers  that  get  under  the  bark  and  start 
decay.  Slabs,  which  are  the  first  cuts  from  the  four  sides  of 
a  log,  are  usually  obtainable  at  a  very  low  cost  if  there  is  a  saw- 
mill within  convenient  rciicli.  These  are  nailed  to  the  outside 
of  a  common  stud  frame,  horizontally,  the  width  of  the  "  chinks" 
between  adjacent  slabs  being  kept  fairly  narrow  by  alternating 
the  butt  ends.  If  the  studding  is  to  be  sheathed  on  the  inside 
there  need  be  no  attempt  to  caulk  these  chinks  tightly,  but  if 
no  inside  finish  is  planned,  the  wall  can  be  made  reasonably  tight 
by  putting  the  slabs  on  a  preliminary  outside  sheathing  of  the 
roughest  sort  of  unplaned  lioards.  These,  of  course,  should  run 
at  right  angles  to  the  length  of  the  slabs.  Still  another  method 
of  making  tight  a  slab  wall  is  described  in  the  following 
pages,  in  which  instance  strips  of  wire  mesh  were  tacked  over 
the  backs  of  the  joints  to  support  a  caulking  of  cement-aiid- 
hair  mortar.  The  inside  of  the  studding  was  then  covered  with 
a  slab  wainscot  of  birch  with  a  rough  fabric,  such  as  l)urlap, 
al)Ove  it. 

Shingles,  siding  or  rough  boarding  offer  no  special  difhculties 
in  construction,  and  these  materials  may  either  l)e  left  to  weather 


INTPvODUCTION 


15 


The  walls  are  finished  with  a  perfectly  plain  wainscoting  of  cypress,  above  which  bur- 
lap is  used  between  the  upright  strips  under  the  boxed  ceiling  beams 


to  a  silvery  gray  or  .stained  with  one  of  tlie  readily  obtainable 
shiniile  stains. 

When  we  come  to  the  matter  of  the  inside  finish,  there  is 
opened  up  a  great  field  for  the  expression  of  individuality.  Even 
though  the  bungalow  must  be  kept  down  to  the  bare  essentials, 
with  no  covering  at  all  for  the  stud  frame,  there  is  an  opportunity 
for  avoiding  the  commonplace  merely  in  the  carefully  studied 
spacing  of  the  studs  or  upright  members.  Do  not  be  content  to 
have  these  appear  just  as  the  carpenter  finds  it  convenient  to 
place  them;  have  them  symmetrically  spaced  on  either  side  of 
center  openings,  with  the  horizontal  member  forming  the  win- 
dow-sills carried  all  the  way  around.  Then,  too,  if  the  slight 
additional  expense  l)o  j)ormitted,  the  studding  may  be  covered 
with  pulp-board  or  compo-l)oard,  a  comparatively  thin  but  rigid 
material  that  may  i)e  painted  or,  better  still,  covered  with  a 
rough  fal)ric  in  cool  gray,  apple  green  or  a  pleasing  shade  of 
brown. 

If  the  bungalow  walls  are  built  of  one  of  the  more  substantial 


IG 


\i  V  X  (\  A  L  O  W  S 


Large  cobblestones  have   been  used  in  this  fireplace  facina;  and  scattered  through  the 

cement  hearth.     The  hob,  constructed  of  one  large  projecting  stone,  is  noteworthy. 

The  door  at  the  left  harmonizes  particularly  well  with  the  rough  battened  walls 


materials,  such  as  cement,  there  are  iireat  possihihties  in  working 
out  interesting  surface  textures  for  the  interior,  with  llie  use  of 
inset  tiles  to  gain  the  desired  spots  of  color.  But  more  of  all 
this  in  the  following  chapters. 

Xo  bungalow  is  worllix   nf  the  ii;iiiic  wilhtnil  at  least  one  big 


IXTRODUCTIOX  17 

firoplat-e  for  the  living-room,  and  if  additional  ones  may  be  built 
in  tlio  bedrooms,  so  much  the  better — these  will  be  fully  appre- 
ciated in  early  spring  and  late  fall.  Stonework  seems  to  har- 
monize best  with  wooden  walls  for  the  chimneys  and  In'easts, 
and  rough  brick,  tile  or  cement,  if  the  latter  material  is  employed 
throughovit  the  building.  In  any  case  make  sure  that  the  fire- 
place and  its  flue  are  built  along  scientihcally  correct  lines — a 
fireplace  that  smokes  is  of  less  real  practical  \aluc  than  a  gas-log. 
Just  a  word  regarding  foundations,  ^^'ith  walls  of  concrete, 
stone  or  brick,  the  foundation  underpinning  will,  of  course,  have 
to  be  of  concrete  or  stone,  carried  to  bedrock  or  to  a  solid  footing 
below  the  frost-line.  With  bungalows  of  wooden  construction 
considerable  expense  may  be  saved  by  building  on  piers  of 
masonry  or  even  on  locust  posts  that  are  set  well  into  the 
ground,  resting  u])on  a  l)road  flat  stone  footing.  If  this  form  of 
foundation  is  chosen  be  siu'e  that  the  sill  girders,  set  on  the  posts 
for  the  support  of  uprights  and  floor  joists,  are  as  near  the 
ground  as  convenient.  The  space  between  the  posts  should  be 
latticed.  In  other  words,  keep  the  building  low  down  on  the 
ground  if  it  is  to  merit  the  title  of  bunc;alow. 


Chapter  II 

'Bu/i  (T/i  low   Types 


F()I\  the  purpose  of  our  present  discussion  we  ma}'  divide 
American  bungalows  into  ten  types  A  clear-cut  classi- 
fication of  any  sort  of  buildings  is  difficult  and  fiable  to 
misinterpretation,  particularly  in  America,  where  the  number 
of  types  will  almost  equal  the  number  of  examples.  There  is 
so  much  borrowing  and  l)lending  of  important  characteristics 
between  the  main  classes  that  any  attempt  at  a  separation  must 
necessaril}'  be  open  to  criticism. 

For  the  sake  of  a  clearer  understanding  of  the  bungalow, 
however,  as  it  is  found  in  the  West,  the  East,  in  the  mountains 
and  by  the  seacoasts,  the  rough  division  into  types  that  follows, 
seems  worth  attempting. 

Let  us  mention  first  the  type  of  bungalow  that  is  found  in 
great  numbers  throughout  Southern  California,  particularly  in 
Pasadena  and  Los  Angeles.  It  is  used  chiefly  as  a  permanent 
home,  but  on  account  of  the  ideal  climate  of  that  section  of  the 
country  the  permanent  home  does  not  have  to  be  so  snugly 
built  as  the  permanent  home  of  the  East.  This  type  may  be 
recognized  at  once  b\'  a  characteristic  use  of  materials.  Redwood 
shingles  or  redwood  siding,  stained  dark  brown,  is  practically 
always  found  in  conjunction  with  piers,  porch  posts,  under- 
pinning and  chimneys  of  lirick.      Another  earmark  is  foimd  in 


20 


BUNGALOWS 


Plait  oil  page  77;  individual  biingahrvs  on  pages  i.i,  31-3;,  Ijo,  J42  Sylvatius  Marsion,  architect 

The  footpath  entrance  to   St.  Francis  Court,  Pasadena — a  striking  instance  of  the 
very  common  use  throughout  Southern  Cahfornia  of  rough  clinker  brick   in  con- 
junction with  stone  work 


the  use  of  clinker  brick,  and  sometimes  of  field-stone,  interspersed 
through  the  brickwork  surface  for  the  sake  of  variety.  While 
the  use  of  stone  in  conjunction  with  brickwork  is  probably  open 
to  criticism  on  the  ground  that  it  is  mere  affectation,  the  practice 
is  so  common  in  that  section  of  the  country  that  it  must  be 
inseparably  linked  with  the  bungalow  of  this  type. 

It  will  be  generall}'  admitted,  I  believe,  that  the  bungalow  as 
a  distinct  type  of  architecture  is  far  better  suited  to  employment 
for  the  temporary  home,  the  shooting-lodge  and  the  week-end 
retreat  in  the  woods  or  along  the  shore,  than  it  is  to  use  for  per- 
manent homes  in  suburl)an  conununities.  There  is  at  least  a 
suggestion  of  following  after  a  mere  fad  in  the  building  of  row 
upon  row  of  l)inig;ilows  along  a  suburban  stre(^t.  In  all  proba- 
bility this  fad,  liki'  others,  will  die  out.      .\t  the  .same  finic  this 


TYPES 


21 


criticism  cannot  be  applied  directly  to  the  Pasadena  and  Los 
Angeles  community  bungalow  in  such  a  pronounced  fashion. 
The  chmate  necessarily  has  brought  about  a  somewhat  different 


All  the  bungalows  in  St.  Francis  Court  are  backed  up  close  to  the  boundary 

line,  along  which  runs  this  path  by  which    the  tradesmen   make  their 

deliveries  of  supplies 

mode  of  life — a  life  of  which  the  bungalow  is  in  a  manner  a  true 

expression.     In  so  far  as  it  is  that,  it  can  never  Ije  called  a  fad. 

In  the  East  this  same  practice  would  undoubtedly  be  more 

open  to  criticism.     The  climate  is  not  one  for  wliich  the  one- 


T  Y  P  E  S 


23 


At  the  near  end  of  the  Court  the  driveway  turns  around  a  fountain  which  is  a  very 
popular  gathering  place  in  the  late  afternoons 

story  house  is  ideally  fitted,  for  it  must  always  I)e  borne  in  niind 
that  the  bansi;alow,  with  its  raml)lin,i!;  one-story  plan,  is  diffi- 
cult to  heat. 

In  connection  with  this  first  type  it  is  interesting  to  stud)''  the 
successful  community  that  is  illustrated  herewith — an  attractive 
group  of  liungalows  in  the  outskirts  of  Pasadena.  Owing  to  its 
location  the  land  was  too  valuable  to  be  divided  up  in  the 
ordinary  way  into  building  plots  for  bungalows.  In  order  to 
take  advantage  of  its  nearness  to  the  business  section  of  Pasa- 
dena, the  plot,  which  is  but  176  x  305  ft.  in  total  area,  has  been  so 
divided  that  eleven  bungalows  are  built  upon  it.  By  grouping 
these  around  a  central  open  space  into  which  the  main  entrance 
driveway  runs,  with  a  narrow  passageway  along  the  rear  side 
for  the  butcher  and  baker,  an  unusual  effect  of  spaciousness  has 
been  obtained  for  each  bungalow  home.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
the  bungalows  are  all  different,  not  only  in  exterior  appearance 
but  in  plan  as  well,  so  that  there  is  no  lack  of  individuality.  The 
fountain  and  shelter  at  the  far  end,  enclosed  l^y  the  turn-around 
of  the  drive  is,  I  believe,  a  very  popular  gathering  place  in  the 
late  afternoon. 


T  Y  P 1':  s 


25 


To  those  who  are  considoring  the  bungalow  in  the  Ught  of  an 
investment,  it  may  be  interesting  to  know  that  the  real  estate 
company  which  built  and  operates  this  particular  group  of  bunga- 
lows has  no  ilifhculty  in  securing  a  rental  by  the  year  of  from 
$1000  to  .$loO(),  or,  for  the  winter  season  from  NovemJjer  first 
to ^lay  first,  §900  to  $1200.  The  l^ungalowsare  rented  furnished, 
equipped  with  good  furniture,  Oriental  rugs,  hangings,  silver, 
linen,  kitchen  utensils  and  such  things. 

There  can  jje  no  question  that  the  Pasadena  and  Los  Angeles 
community  Ijungalow  is  an  interesting  and  distinctive  develop- 
ment. Moreover,  it  is  sure  to  be  of  value  in  suggestion  to  the 
man  who  is  about  to  build  a  bungalow  of  any  kind. 

For  our  second  type  let  us  name  the  patio  bungalow  that  also 
is  found  in  Southern  California.  It,  of  course,  is  a  perfecth^ 
natural  development  from  the  patio  house,  where  the  inner  court, 
made  cheerful  and  cool  \\'ith  growing  things  and  water,  was  the 
only  available  retreat  from  the  hot  and  dusty  plains  round- 
about.    In  the  original  patio  house  the  open  court  was  either 


Fl^n  or.  fai'y  r,"  ^-V.\  i : );    ;r.-r.:  :  2.  u  .  1:  /"-.:'■  '  t  >.i .:  ,ii:.'(s  M,irs!oit.  arcinlcct 

Rough  split  shingles  or  shakes  are  used  in   several  of  the    bungalows.     The  white 
columns  add  just  the  necessary  touch  to  brighten  the  fagade 


^  MO) 

^  ,,  c8  —  ca 

^    O  Ji  M 

■:     u  5  «  •«    >^ 


S  =  «  u  i" 


I'"  „  s  Si  a 

3  >^  S  ^  S 
"''c  -o  __  > 

•o  or3  —  5> 

g  —   3    2   S  bu 

O    O  J3     t    o    C 

S-    •  *"  J  S  3 

c  «  -'  o  u5 
c  -^ 

'2  £^ 

u    O.  ■• 


0,  3  »-  J  0)  ja 

v-  ?.  1)  ji  =.♦- 


^"S  0;-=   « 

<->  i  M  E ,::  -3 

•  -    ,„    M         •« 


-  t:  c  ^  c  - 


-   s  ?  ° 


-  u.>% 

-  XI  I.  a. 


i.  o 


■  iS  go 


J3   3 


28 


BUNGALOWS 


completely  encircled  by  the  building,  or  a  wall  achieved  the 
same  end.  With  the  necessity  for  such  complete  isolation  of 
the  out-door  room  removed,  the  bungalow  type  with  its  patio  is 


-A.J 


From  the  entrance  porch  shown  at  the  lower  part  of  the  plan,  one  enters 
the  patio  at  once  through  a  brick-paved  hall,  finally  reaching  the  living- 
room  at   the  far  end  of  the  building.     The  porch  at  the  upper  left-hand 
corner  is  used  as  an  outdoor  dining-room 

probat)ly  more  frcnucntiy  found  with  one  side  of  the  rectan- 
gular court  open.  A.s  the  illustrations  of  patio  bungalows 
show  (pages  10,  29,  GS,  70,  79),  the  patio  may  be  on  the  front 


TYPES 


29 


of  the  plan   or  in  the  roar,  depending  upon  the  exigencies  of 
site  and  exposure. 

Anotlier  cUstinct  t.vpe  of  the  Ijungalow  is  an  adaptation  of  the 


Plan  below  J-raiu-is  If.   iVi!s<'ii.  archiuxt 

Mr.  Wilson's  bungalow  is  doubly  enjoyable  in  that  it  has,  in  addition  to 

the  patio   in  the  rear,  a  still  larger  space  in  the  front  sheltered  by  the 

vine-covered  pergola  motive 


Swiss  chalet.  Most  frequently  is  it  to  be  found  on  the  mountain 
sides  and  in  the  foothills  of  the  West,  although  the  illustration 
that  is  shown  on  page  32  is  a  New  England  example.  The  char- 
acteristics are,  perhaps, 
too  well  known  to  need 
mention  —  the  extremely 
wide  overhang  of  the  flat- 
pitched,  two-plane  roof, 
the  frequent  presence  of  a 
balcony  in  the  gable  ends, 
and  the  use  of  sawed-out 
openings  between  adjacent 
boards  as  a  means  of 
decoration.  The  chalet 
as  found  in  Switzerland  is 
^     .     ,,  by  no  means  confined  to 

hxtcrtor  above  •■' 

Another  excellent  example  of  the  centralliving-  one  floor,    SO   that  it  is  not 

room  type  of  plan,  to  which  is  added  a  walled-in  .   .  .         j. .        i     ,  i 

patio  at  the  back  Surprising   t  0    I  1  n  d    t  ll  e 


30 


13  U  N  G  A  L  0  W  S 


■»4fer 


■\^: 


The  broad  overhang  of  the  roof  gives  a  deep  shadow  that  is  essential  in  a  summer 
home  not  protected  by  large  shade  trees 


Plan  on  pace  iJ;  other  virus  u.'. , ,.-.-,.  Oii.v  l.fuell,  urihiteet 

The  main  entrance  is  through  a  brick-paved  hall  leading  directly  into  the  patio 


TYPES 


31 


American  development  of  this  building  making  more  of  the  attic 
than  in  the  true  bungalow  type. 

Still  in  California,  we  come  to  the  fourth  i}T>e  in  our  rather 
arbitrary  classification — the  small  shack  intended  only  for 
temporary  use.  With  this  group  we  must  include  the  tent- 
houses,  small  portabl(>  bungalows  and  many  small  camps  such  as 
are  found  more  frequently  in  the  East.  There  is  Uttle  to  learn 
from  the  examples  shown  or,  in  fact,  from  any  building  of  this 
extremel}'  small  size  and  character.  There  is  hardly  any  serious 
attempt  at  real  planning — often  there  are  but  two  rooms,  one 
a  hving-room,  kitchen  and  dining-room  combined,  and  the  other 
a  bedroom.  Similar  to  these  temporary  shacks  in  purpose  and 
general  character  are  the  tent-hou.sos  of  Southern  California, 
where  the  side  walls  are  made  of  canvas  stretched    on  frames. 


Plan  ot:  ,'>j,-:t- j:S:  other  views  on  pat;cs  j^  .   ;>  (^11,/-,;^,   /     r 

The  real  heart  of  the  Codman  home  is  the  patio — at  any  hour  of  the  day  offering  cool 
shade  and  the  refreshing  music  of  the  fountain  in  the  lily-pool' 


TYPES 


33 


■r^ 

■■M^»»g  |jy.m  ■ '  ■    — ■ 

> 

y 

jr** 

The  tent-house  of  S  .iithi- 
canvas  stretched  on  frame 


(':)lii:irnii  li, i -  ; lie  in  i i ii  ]ii m ii iii  of  its  side  walls  built  of 
Ilitif  may  bj  propped  upeii,  yu'ing  shade  and  ventilation 


These  are  usually  hinged  so  that  the  whole  building  may  be 
thoroughly  and  quickly  ventilated.  Xeedless  to  say,  the  tent- 
house  makes  an  ideal  outdoor  sleeping-room  when  arranged  for 
that  purpose,  but  its  application  to  homes  intended  for  other 
than  merely  occasional  use  is  necessarily  hmited. 


FIAZZA 


UVIMG-ROOM 


'-[ 


JO^r 


^ 


JL 


hxl.-n.r  ,.)i  ,.-.!,:.-  ;-';  I'i.'.n.r  ,.ii  r^-.^c  i  iS  fli:is.  M<Gr,Jlh  0-  Kicsshn:.:.  architects 

The  Strongman  home  is  in  no  sense  a  bungalow,  of  course,  since  all  its  bedrooms  are 

in  the  upper  story.      The  cost  of  the  building  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  $1500 


BUNGALOWS 


A  type  of  vacatinii  i 


TYPES 


35 


One  of  the  very  simple  bungalows  used  as  temporary  homes 

in  California — probably  little  more  than  a  living-room  and  two 

bedrooms 


Among  the 
portable  dwell- 
ings are  to  be 
found  almost 
every  conceiv- 
able sort  of 
building,  usu- 
ually  of  this 
small  size  and 
for  temporary 
use  only.  You 
may  find  port- 
able bungalows 
in  all  architec- 
tural styles, 
from  half- 
timber  through  Colonial  to  the  so-called  Craftsman  style,  and  like 
many  other  ready-made  things  they  may  be  convenient  and 
occasionally  useful,  but  they  cannot  possibly  show  individuality. 

The  c  a  m  p  s 
and  the  smaller 
shacks  of  the 
East  show  al- 
most as  many 
kinds  of  struc- 
tures as  there 
are  examples. . 
It  is  impossible 
to  classify 
them,  even  if 
by  so  doing  we 
could  learn 
therefrom  a 
lesson   or   (wo, 

which  is  doubt-         Anotlier  example  of  the  tent-house  typu  of  summer  home.  jThere 
has  been  an  effort  at  decorating  the  canvas  by  painting  undei 
{\l\,  the  shelter  of  the  porch 


T  Y  PES 


37 


Still  another  class,  this  time  fairly  distinct,  is  the  small, 
unusually  picturesque  structure  that  is  used  as  a  retreat  or 
perhaps  merely  as  a  summer-house  in  connection  with  a  larger 
home.  The  illustration  opposite  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  these,  built  of  whole  logs  and  containing  its  fii'eplace  and 
chimney  like  any  full-grown  bungalow.  Here  again  it  is  im- 
possible to  formulate  any  distinct  class  characteristics  of  this 
type.  The  form,  plan  and  materials  c^f  such  a  retreat  will  vary 
with  every  example.  It  will  be  found,  however,  that  the  sugges- 
tions that  will  naturally  offer  themselves  in  a  study  of  the  larger 
buildings  may  be  put  to  good  use  in  the  design  and  construction 
of  one  of  these  features  of  the  larger  country  esto-te. 

The  next  group  stands  out  clearly  as  a  type  in  the  large  bunga- 
low family.  It  is  represented  by  the  Adirondack  lodge  or  the 
summer  home  in  the  Catskills,  where  almost  invariably  the 
material  used  for  the  walls  is  whole  logs,  and  where  the  building 
is  ratlier  (elaborate  in  its  plan  and  equipment.     The  photograph 


A  summer  bungalow  at  Brigluw.itns,  Bay  sliui 

painted  clapboards 


walls  are  built  of 


38 


BUNGALOWS 


of  the  Adirondack  lodge  shown  on  the  opposite  page  is  an  excel- 
lent example  of  the  type.  Frequently  there  are  many  buildings 
in  the  establishment,  connected  by  covered  passageways.  The 
larger  examijles  of  the  type  are  far  better  known  and  more 
accessible  than  the  smaller  ones,  largely  for  the  reason  that  they 
have  become  almost  a  fad  with  manv  wealthv  citv  men  who 


There  are  two  rooms  and  a  <h 
house;  the 


-rr  li.itli  in  thi^  Soutlu-rii  Califc 
jbt  was  about  S300 


want  some  sort  of  a  retreat  in  the  woods  where  they  can  entertain 
as  freely  as  in  the  city. 

On  tiie  New  England  coast  will  be  found  the  next  type — the 
seacoast  bungalow.  Usually  it  is  a  long,  low  building  of  shingles 
or  clapboards,  although  frequently  also  of  stucco,  perched  high 
on  the  coast  ledges  looking  out  to  sea.  As  might  be  expected, 
the  plan  is  usually  extremely  long  and  narrow  in  order  that  the 
rooms  may  almost  without  exception  l)e  given  the  benefit  of 
the  sea  view  and  lireezes.  Far  different  in  style  are  the  examples 
of  this  type  from  our  Soutliern  California  ]:>ungalow.  There  is 
no  hint  of  the  Japanese  flavor  in  mass  or  detail  as  we  find  in  the 
West.    Rather  will  the  Xew  I^nglaiid  bungalow  suggest  the  logical 


TYPES 


39 


Olbcr  exterior  vicivs  on  pages  /  ?,  q^,  too,  hi,  lyj  ■  hitects 

Interiors  on  pages  IlS,  r^-V.  l>o,  75* 

An  excellent  example  of  the  elaborate  Adirondack  lodge  with  its  covered  passage- 
way   connecting  the  various  buildings  of  the  establishment 

one-story  developnieut  of  the  Colonial  seaport  dwellings  that  have 
given  a  distinctive  character  to  the  Northeastern  United  States. 


,>^ 

•^s 

^ 

ml 

^^ 

B^K^-jisSfc^^^  JM 

Mi 

jj^^flB^^^^ 

I^^B^ 

^flPSj 

HHI 

^^^^Zi^-' 

** 

A  typical  example  of  the  small  temporary  home  in  California.     The  cost 
was  about  $800 

From  the  New  England  coast  type  it  is  a  far  cry  to  the  type 
of  bvuigalovv  that  is  represented  by  the  Maywood  example  sho-mi 
herewith.     It  may  stand  as  a  certain  typo  of  permanent  home 


TYPES 


41 


for  the  Middle  West,  de- 
veloped along  the  lines  of 
the  one-story  plan.  There 
is  a  great  deal  of  character 
and  originahty  of  motive 
to  be  found  in  the  work  of 
what  has  come  to  be  called 
the  "Chicago  School"  of 
architects.  Their  use  of 
the  strong  horizontal  line, 
as  being  most  in  keeping 
with  the  flat  plains  of  the 
Central  West,  has  brought 
about  almost  a  new  style 
in  the  arcliitectural  types 
of  the  world.  There  is  no 
copjdng  of  the  bungalow 
from  India  in  this  type. 
It  is  the  result  merely  of 
working  out  in  the  most 
straightforward  and 
rational  way  the  practical 

necessities  of  plan  where  the  rooms  are  to  be  all  on  one  floor. 
In  other  words,  this  type  may  be  given  the  name  bungalow  not 
because  of  its  descent  but  simply  because  it  is  a  one-story  house. 
To  be  classed  with  this  Chicago  t}-pe,  if  it  may  be  called  by 
(hat  name,  there  are  other  local  variations  of  the  bungalow 
intended  for  use  as  a  permanent  home.  Usually  in  these  too, 
the  dominating  fact  is  that  of  the  one-story  plan  rather  than  the 
traditional  bungalow  mass,  although  this  naturally  follows  to  a 
more  or  lees  pronounced  extent.  In  this  class  as  a  whole,  then, 
there  will  be  found  a  perfectly  natm-al  tendency  towards  more 
elaborate  finish,  plastering  throughout,  the  use  of  better  woods, 
better  or  at  least  more  stable  materials  for  the  outside  walls  and 
roof,  provision  for  heating,  and  all  the  other  essentials  that 
belong  to  the  house  that  is  to  be  used  the  vear  round. 


Exterior  on  page  40 

It  is  interesting  to  note  how  the  hall,  although 
of  very  small  area,  is  the  junction  of  the  ser- 
vice department,  sleeping-quarters,  living-room 
and  porch.  An  excellent  plan  for  a  compara- 
tively narrow  lot 


42 


BUNG  A  L  O  W  S 


Plan  below 

A  two-Story  house  built  along  bungalow  liiu^.      ilu   uii|ji:         ;  .    i     ...  j.:  a-   un   i  iui- 

sive  as  possible   by  bringing  the   roof  down  low  and  roundin;;  utt  the  large  durmer 

group  of  windows 


;3CCOND  rtooK.  rUN      . 


ExurioT  above  Davis.  McGralh  &  KUssling,  architnU 

In  a  house  built  along  bungalow  lines  there  is  necessarily  somewhat  contracted  head- 
room in  the  second  story.      It  is  surprising  in  this  example  to  find  how  much  space 
has  been  obtained  upstairs 


TYPES 


43 


Close!}'  associated  with  this  last-mentioned  type,  and  like  it  in 
one  way,  is  the  house  that  is  not  a  bungalow,  though  built  along 
bungalow  lines.  Built  for  permanent  use  throughout  the  whole 
twelve  months,  it  aljandons  the  one-story  plan  while  striving  to 
hold  fast  to  the  low,  snug,  earth-hugging  mass  of  the  bungalow. 
Perhaps  it  should  not  be  included  either  in  our  classification  or 
in  these  pages  at  all,  for  the  reason  that  it  is  in  reaUty  not  a 
bungalow  at  all.  With  the  purpose,  however,  of  making  clearer 
the  distinction  between  a  bungalow  and  a  house  that  is  built 
along  l^ungalow  hues,  several  illustrations  of  the  latter  are  in- 
cluded in  these  pages.  The  plan,  of  course,  will  be  radically 
different.  None  of  the  principles  outUned  in  the  chapter  on 
Plan  will  apply,  for  the  reason  that  there  is  no  longer  the  necessity 
for  keeping  distinctly  separate  on  one  floor  level  the  sleeping- 
quarters  and  the  living  quarters.  The  distinction  between  the 
true  l)ungalow  and  this  t}-pe  of  structure  is  rather  hard  to  make. 
The  roof  of  the  house  type  is  frequently  brought  down  close  over 
the  tops  of  the  first-story  windows  and  the  dormers  are  subdued 


William  C.  Kanloul.  archilcci 

The  Walker  hujn  li  ,     i!    n.    Ma      ,  i^  anitlui    example  of  the  two-story  house 

built  along  bungalow  lines.      hrin<;ing  down  the  roof  at  the  corners  and  cutting  off 

tiie  gable  ends  help  to  keep  down  the  apparent  height 


TYPES 


45 


b}'  every  device  known  to  tlie  tlesi,<!;ner's  skill.  From  outside 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  tell  wlietlicr  the  buildinc;  is  a  bungalow 
with  dormers  ventilating  the  upper  part  of  its  living-room  or  its 


There  is  a  strong  suggestion  of  the  bungalow  type  in  many  of  the  per- 
manent   homes   of  the   Middle   West,  where   the   horizontal   lines  and 
shadows  are  accented  as  strongly  as  possible 

attic,  or  whether  it  is  a  house.  The  final  test,  however,  is  in 
plan.  Where  the  main  sleeping-rooms  are  included  on  the  first 
floor  with  tlie  living-room,  dining-room  and  service  quarters,  the 
building  is  a  bungalow.  'NMiere  the  sleeping-quarters  are  for  the 
most  part  on  the  second  floor,  the  building  is  a  house  instead. 


Chapter  III 

Bungalows  for  Seacoast^  IVoods  and  Hills 


IN  addition  to  our  roiijih  division  of  American  bungalows  into 
more  or  less  distinct  architectural  types,  it  may  be  helpful 
to  study  the  main  characteristics  that  belong  to  the  bunga- 
low by  reason  of  its  location.  We  shall  find  that  the  structure 
built  to  be  sheltered  by  forest  trees  will  be  different  in  some  ways 
from  the  one  that  is  designed  for  the  fiat,  sandy  site  along  the 
coast,  and  that  the  home  in  the  hill  country  will  differ  from  both. 
To  take  up  the  seacoast  bungalow  first :  its  plan,  as  has  been 
suggested  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  types,  will  natu- 
rally work  itself  out  in  a  long  rectangle  rather  than  a  square, 
owing  to  the  desirability  of  seciu'ing  the  ocean  view  and  breezes 
to  as  many  rooms  as  possil)le.  Then  too,  this  practical  tendency 
towards  the  long,  narrow  form  of  building  will  coincide  nicely 
with  an  esthetic  consideration — the  harmony  that  a  long  build- 
ing paralleling  the  coast  line  will  naturally  give,  for  a  building 
should  always  show  this  compatibility  with  the  main  features 
of  its  environment. 

The  materials  used  in  the  walls  and  the  general  color  scheme 
of  the  exterior  should  be  influenced  also  by  the  long  gray  stretches 
of  sandy  beach.  A  log  structure  on  a  sand  bank  looking  over 
the  sea  would  be  an  anomaly.  Rather  will  the  long  horizontal 
lines  of  white-painted  clapboards  or  siding,  or  the  silvery  gray 

(47) 


48 


B  U  X  CI  A  L  O  W  S 


A  particularly  good  example  of  the  seacoast  bungalow — where  the  plan  is  extremely 
long,  following  the  line  of  the  shore  and  giving  almost  all  the  rooms  the  water  view 

color  of  shiniiles,  help  to  secure  that  intimate  relationship 
between  a  home  and  its  siirrountlings  that  conveys  an  impression 
of  peace  and  stability  rather  than  eternal  strife  and  unfitness. 


w\ 

For  the  seacoast  bungalow  the  porch  will  naturally  be  long,  not  only  to  g.ve  better 

opportunity   for    the   view    but  also  to  secure   the   strong   horizontal  shadow  of  the 

porch  roof  for  the  exterior  appearance 


SEAC0A8T 


49 


Rough  hemlock  boards  overlapping  h  riz.,ntally  have  been  uacd  in  this  very  simple 
bungalow  at  Bay  Shore,  L.  I. 

As  regards  the  details  of  construction,  there  is  but  one  point 
to  mention.  Sand  offers  a  perfectly  satisfactory  support  for 
foundations  or  pier  footings  provided  it  is  confined  laterally. 


A  two-story  house  built  along  bungalow  lines.     The  kitchen  wing  is  at  the  right  and 
it  is  interesting  to  notice  how  the  windows  have  been  screened  by  latticework 


50 


B  U  X  G  A  L  C)  ^^■  s 


The  bungalow  has  found  its  way  into  the  tropics,  where  the  coolness  of   cement  walls 

has  naturally  been  found  more  agreeable  than  wood  construction.    Cement  bungalows 

in  Santa  Domingo 


\\'  O  0  D  S 


51 


Do  not,  therefore,  carry  the  excavation  lower  at  one  part  of  the 
footings  than  another,  else  the  sand  may  tend  to  flow  towards 
the  lower  level.  Keep  the  footings  at  the  same  deixh  through- 
out, and  deep  enough  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  their  being 
undermined  by  the  action  of  wind  or  water. 

For  the  bungalow  in  the  woods  the  main  consideration  in 
planning,  aside  from  the  general  principles  as  outlined  in  the 
chapter  on  Plan,  will  i)e  the  necessity  for  keeping  the  rooms 


The  Stewart  bungalow  near  Liberty,  N.  Y.,  cost  $1700,  built  in  1904 


well  lighted.  The  wide  porch  roof,  always  a  factor  operating 
against  this,  may  pos.sil)ly  be  dispensed  with  altogether.  If 
the  trees  are  high  and  fairly  near  the  building  their  shatle  mav 
suffice  for  the  outdoor  room,  or  it  may  be  sufficiently  augmented 
by  the  use  of  awnings  over  an  open  frame. 

This  question  of  just  how  close  the  surrounding  trees  should 
be  allowed  to  stand  is  an  important  one.  Usually  the  bungalow 
builder  has  come  to  his  wood-covered  site  from  a  sun-liaked  city 
street,  and  the  last  thing  that  would  occur  to  him  is  the  cutting 
down  of  any  trees,  no  matter  how  closely  they  may  hem  him  in. 
Yet  all  the  benefit  and  comfort  that  a  home  in  the  woods  can 


52 


BUNGALOWS 
'71    ' 


An  excellent  example  of  the  type  of  two-story  country  home  that  is  being   buiJt  in 
increasing  numbers  throughout  the  mountain  country  of  East  and  West 


ExUrur  jbove  >>.r.j  C  /■•iisniumti.  anlnlctU 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  first  floor  plan  is  the  large  play-room 
opening  off  the  living-room.     The  built-in  cold-closet  at  the  rear,  adjoining  the  ice- 
house, is  also  worthy  of  note.      On  the  second  floor  the  bedrooms  open  upon  a  gallery 
which  looks  down  upon  the  living-room 


WOODS 


53 


give  will  be  lost  if  the  trees  are  so  thick  and  so  near  to  the  build- 
ing that  they  bring  continuous  dampness.  In  her  excellent  work, 
The  Landscape  Gardening  Book,  Miss  Tabor  has  laid  down  a 
principle  in  this  regard  that  is  obviously  the  one  to  follow. 
Trees  planted  about  any  home  should  be  far  enough  away  to 
shade  the  space  between  them  and  the  house  rather  than  the 
house  itself.     It  is  the  sight  of  shaded  surfaces  in  contrast  to 


^  f^     .V     , 


-TTJlsr-hljOOB- D1.AI1- 

-  CLfl  VDNAM  -  PfiRl^-tl-Y- 


^\^-^0~ 


Exteruns  on  fJi;,-s  if  atij  ;j  FrcJ  W.  lVct:::iOrtl: ,  architect 

Mr.  Stewart's  bungalow   has  a  porch  area  equal  to  that   of  the 
interior.     Where  space  permits  it  is  better  not  to  have  the  bath- 
room opening  from  the  living-room 

sunlit  ones  tliat  is  pleasing  to  our  summer  senses,  not  the  total 
absence  of  sunlight. 

On  the  north  side  of  our  bungalow,  therefore,  let  the  trees  stand 
as  close  to  the  structure  as  they  will,  but  on  the  three  remaining 
sides  keep  them  cleared  away  far  enough  to  let  in  the  sunUght, 
and  incidentally  what  breezes  may  be  available  as  well.  More- 
over such  an  arrangement  ^^^ll  permit  the  border  of  shrubs  and 
flowers  around  the  base  of  the  house  in  the  woods,  where  too 
often  there  is  nothing  but  the  accumulation  of  matted  leaves. 


54 


B  I'  X  (;  A  L  O  \\  S 


Here  will  our  house  of  logs  or  slabs  be  in  its  proper  environ- 
ment, blending  with  the  grays  and  greens  and  browns  of  the 
surrounding  trees.  If  shingles  or  siding  or  rough  boards  are 
used  for  the  walls,  stain  them  in  one  of  these  quiet  somber  tones 
rather  than  in  contrast  to  the  surroundings.  When  \ye  take  up 
our  al)ode  by  choice  in  Nature's  own  domain  we  should  have  the 
•rood  taste  to  conform  to  her  general  color  scheme  for  the  whole 


I'hr.  on  /■<ij;r  5,;;  I'tlu-r  exttricr  on  fage  St  Fred  II'.  Wittluorth.  architect 

When  the  bungalow  of  shingles,  siding  or  rough  boards  is  built  in  the 

woods,  the  walls  should  by  all  means  be  stained  on  one  of  the   quiet 

tones  that  harmonize  with  the  trees 

place  rather  than  introduce  a  bhitant  note  of  discord,  just  to 
show  our  independence. 

And  in  addition  to  these  considerations  of  planning  fx)r  a 
bright  interior,  a  satisfying  balance  of  sun  and  shade,  and  a 
harmonious  use  of  materials,  all  of  which  show  very  clearly  the 
distinction  between  the  right  thing  to  do  and  the  wrong  one, 
there  is  a  matter  that  is  far  more  subtle.  It  has  to  do  with  the 
design  of  the  Imngalow  as  regards  its  employment  of  horizontal 
and  vertical  lines  In  the  case  of  the  seacoast  bungalow  it 
is  readily  apparent  that  the  successful  design  will  show  a  pre- 
ponderance of  horizontal  lines  -lines  repeating  the  dominating 


WOODS 


55 


reaches  of  beach  and  horizon.  In  the  woods,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  trees  give  us  the  strong  note  of  verticaUty.  With  a 
type  of  building  that  is  essentially  low  and  fiat  in  its  mass,  a 
properly  balanced  relation  with  the  vertical  lines  of  its  environ- 
ment is  not  easily  secured.  ]Mr.  Embiuy's  design  for  a  l)unga- 
low  at  Belle  Tcrro,  Long  Island,  will  make  clear  this  point  more 
easily  than  extended  discussion.  In  it  the  snug,  Ijlanket-like 
roof  mass  of  the  bungalow  type  is  preserved,  yet  in  the  most 
effective  use  of  the  numerous  porch  posts  the  note  of  verticality, 


."i  .'.:;•  ^  •  .l.iii:iir  Embury,  II.,  architect 

This  shingled  bungalow  at  Belle  Terre,  L.  I.,  is  an  excellent  example  of 
the  subtle  harmony  that  is  possible  to  achieve  between  the  many  vertical 
lines  of  the  trees  and  the  necessarily  horizontal  lines  of  the  bungalow  type 

of  harmony  with  the  trees,  is  introduced  into  the  design.  Con- 
siderations of  this  kind  willinevitaljly  make  or  mar  the  design  of 
any  bungalow,  nor  is  it  to  be  expected  that  they  may  be  success- 
fully met  by  the  amateur  bungalow  builder.  Because  of  its 
small  size,  single  story  and  informality,  it  must  not  be  thought 
for  a  moment  that  the  design  of  a  bungalow  is  too  insignificant 
a  matter  to  need  the  services  of  a  skilled  architect.  From  what 
has  been  said,  as  well  as  what  remains  to  be  said  in  the  chapters 
on  Plan  and  Materials,  it  must  be  apparent  that  th(>  problem  of 
designing  a  really  successful  bungalow  is  fully  deserving  of  the 
utm.ost  skill  of  a  trained  architect. 

For  the  bungalow  on  the  hillside  or  crowning  the  crest  of  a 


56  B  r  X  c;  A  L  o  w  s 

ridiie  tlie  rcquiremoDts  of  plan  and  general  mass  are  not  unlike 
those  that  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  coast 
type.  Long  and  flat  in  general  form,  hugging  its  high  and 
sometimes  rocky  site,  with  a  plan  that  gives  to  most  of  the  rooms 
the  ad\'antages  of  the  view,   the  successful  bungalow  on  the 


Plan  on  fai;<-  ,--;  i.:.-.  ri,  rs  ,•::  '■"■■•■'  '''".  Sr.  ;,7^  iri:7i.i,i:  /'.  Ihihcn,  archiiccl 

Mr.  Hubon's  camp  near  Salem,  is  said  to  have  been  built  at  a  cost  of 
$1100,  of  shingles  that  have  been  allowed  to  weather 

mountain  top  will  diffor  from  its  seacoast  brother  chielly  in  the 
rounfling  off  of  the  roof  ends,  instead  of  the  straight  horizontal 
roof  ridge.  It  will  often  be  found  a  help  to  locate  the  porch  or 
porches  at  the  ends  of  the  long  rectangular  plan,  so  that  the  roof 
over  these  may  Ije  hipped  to  l)ring  it  down  as  nearly  as  may  be 
to  the  ground. 

There  will  be  no  need,  probably,  of  the  open-frame  jxucli  roof 
here — the  unobstructed  light  on  the  mountain  top  will  find  its 
way  into  the  rooms  in  sufficient  quantities  even  underneath 
porch  roof  and  vridc  overhang  of  the  eaves. 

/Vs  has  been  suggested,  the  Swiss  chalet  ofTers  an  admirable 


HILLS 


57 


prototA'pe  for  assimilation  with  the  true  bungalow  characteristics 
of  design,  chief  among  which  will  be  the  bringing  down  of  the 
roof  ends  to  tie  the  building  more  firmly  to  its  site. 


L..,o3 


fr  H  rr    — —a 


The  living-room  of  the  Hubon  home  opens  up  to  the  roof  with  a  gallery 
around  three  sides 


The  Childs  ranch  house  is  built  of  split  redwood  shakes,  given  a  very  thin  stain  of 

bronze  green.     The  shakes  sell  in  the  West   for  about  $20  a  thousand   and  it  take§ 

about   150,  laid  16  ins.  to  weather,  to  the  square  of  100  ft. 


58 


B  U  X  G  A  L  O  W  S 


Where  the  site  chosen  is  the 
side  of  a  hill  rather  than  its  ridge 
the  difficulties  of  planning  will 
necessarily  be  increased.  The 
long  rectangular  plan  will  still 
be  found  most  convenient,  in 
order  to  keep  as  unnoticeable  as 
possible  the  difference  in  level 
between  floor  and  ground  at  the 
front  and  at  the  rear.  It  may 
hv  found  necessary  to  excavate 
or  blast  out  a  ledge  of  rock  on 
the  upper  side  in  order  that  the 
front  may  not  be  too  stilted. 
Piers  will  probably  not  serve  as 
foutulations  along  the  lower  side, 
for  this  same  reason — a  contin- 
uous wall  of  rock,  as  near  hke  the 
naUu'al  conformation  of  the  site  as 
possible  being  preferable.  That 
is,  a  batter  wall,  sloping  back  to- 
wartls  the  building,  and  without  a 
marked  base  line  where  it  joins  the  earth,  will  aitl  in  making  the 
building  seem  at  home  in  its  site.  The  Allen  house  at  Hollywood, 
California  (page  82j,  is  an  admiral)le  example  of  this  treatment. 


Exterior  f.   ,-0       H".  SlilltHat!  Pulkm.  archihct 

The  Gillette  home  is  notable  particu- 
larly for  the  large  area  of  sleeping- 
porch  that  it  contains  on  two  sides  of 
the   house 


Exterior  on  page  30  Arthur  R.  Kelly,  architect 

In  the  Frost  ranch  house  at  Hollywood,  Cal.,  the  service  wing  has  been  turned  at  an 
angle  to  fit  in  more  economically  with  a  diScuU  hillside  site 


HILLS 


59 


™  =iS^l  E:.SS^?£-«  - 'i^-"-"^"" 


HnUvWMod,  eal.,  whuh  ncslk 


l,,r  the  ranch   house   of  Mr.  C.  L.  Frost, 
uiufortably  into  its  steep  hillside 


60 


B  I'  X  ( ;  A  L  ()  W  S 


As  regards  materials,  the  fuudampiital  principles  of  consist- 
ency that  have  been  at  least  inferred  in  the  preceding  pages 


A  bungalow  overlooking  Long  Island  Sound  at  Belle  Terre.      The  entrance 
is  at  this  side  but  the  broad  porch  extends  across  the  other  side,  com- 
manding the  view 


A  Western  Coast  bun      '  displays  a  remarkably  daring  utilization 

of  modified  Japanese  muiives.     The  roof,   it  will   be   noticed,   is  almost 

fiat.     The  walls  are  made  up  of  whole  timbers 


should  li('  allowed  to  govern  the  choice.  On  ;i  site  hare  of  trees 
it  woukl  !)('  folly  to  build  the  wall.s  of  logs  or  slabs.  Where 
stones  ami  rock>-  ledges  abound,  a  stone  wall  or  at  least  an  under- 


HILLS 


61 


pinning  and  chimney  of  stone  will  be  the  obvious  choice,  in 
combination  with  rougli  boards,  shakes  or  shingles. 

In  color,  the  mountain  I)un<ialow,  like  that  in  the  woods  or  on 


Flan  below,  otlwr  viczL'S  pages  0.  46  attd  jronlispw-  ■         .'.r.-jccts 

Another  view  of  the  Robertson  home  in  the  Ventura  Valley,  Cal. — one  of  the 

most  remarkable  examples  in  this  country  of  fitting  a  house  to  its  site 

the  sand  dunes,  will  take  on  the  general  tone  of  its  surroundings, 
blendin";  with  them  rather  than  contrasting.     While  the  smooth 


Exteriors  above,  on  pa^Ls  ,^.  46  and  jrottlispiecc  Myron  Hunt  &  Elmer  Grey,  architects 

It  is  surprising,  after  the  distinctly  low  appearance  of  the  chalet  from  without,  to 

find  so  much  available  room  in  the  second  story 


62  BUNGALOWS 

white  stucco  of  a  permnnont  liomo  is  beyond  criticism  where  the 
immediate  surroundings  have  felt  and  show  the  unmistakal)le 
marks  of  man's  dominion  over  the  natural^n  smooth  lawn  and 
chpped  trees,  in  geometrical  lines  of  formal  gardening  and  its 
architectural  accessories,  the  informal  home  that  rises- abruptly 
out  of  an  undisturbed  portion  of  Nature's  own  domain  should, 
by  all  the  means  at  our  command,  be  made  to  harmonize  in 
material,  form  and  color  with  its  environment. 


Chapter  IV 

The  Plan 


THI^RE  seems  to  he  a  widespread  popular  idea  that  a  bunga- 
low is  a  cheap  sort  of  a  house  to  build.  This  is  but  a 
half-truth.  The  bungalow  is  built  cheaply  for  the  reason 
that  we  are  usually  content  with  a  much  less  expensive  finish 
and  a  far  less  stable  type  of  structure.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
thougii,  the  bungalow  is  essentiall}-  an  expensive  type  of  building, 
for  the  reason  that  it  I'cquires  more  material  to  build  a  house  of 
one  story  than  a  house  having  the  same  area  of  floor  space  in 
three  stori(\s.  The  roof  is  one  of  the  most  expensive  parts  of  any 
building.  It  will  be  i-eadily  seen  that,  given  a  ground  story 
with  a  I'oof  to  cover  it,  it  would  entail  comparatively  small 
additional  expense  to  carry  the  side  walls  up  between  the  two 
far  enough  to  enclose  another  story.  The  availal)le  living  area 
is  doubled  with  an  increase  of  probal)ly  less  than  one-third 
of  the  cost  The  bungalow  plan,  therefore,  is  essentiallv  an 
expensive  one. 

It  would  geem  at  first  glance  an  easy  matter  to  design  a  house 
of  the  bungalow  t}-pe,  all  upon  one  floor  without  liaving  to  Ijother 
about  stairs  and  head-room  and  such  difiiculties,  but  it  is  in 
reality  a  ])rol)lein  calling  for  geiuiine  skill  on  the  part  of  the 
designer.  The  main  difficulty  that  the  amateur  will  encounter 
in  sketching  out  a  tentative  plan  will  be  the  separation  of  the 

(03) 


64 


B  U  X  Ci  A  LOWS 


Tlooi;.  PL  a  At 


This  plan  may  well  serve   as   a  model  in  its  isolation  of  the 

sleeping-quarters    and   the    dining-room    and    service    quarters 

from  the  livicg-room.     The  veranda  serves  also  for  an  outdoor 

dining-room 


sleeping;  quar- 
ters, tlie  liv- 
ing;-quarters 
and  the  ser- 
vice portion 
of  the  house. 
Far  too  fre- 
quently we 
see  a  plan  of 
a  biinfjalow 
where  t  h  e 
bedrooms 
open  directly 
from  t  h  e 
livinfi-roon), 
with    perhaj)s 

a  bathroom  across  on  llic  other  side  of  the  buildini:;,  next  to  the 
kitchen,  for  the  sake  of  a  condensed  plumbing  system.  If  a 
bungalow  is  worth  buildiiii;-  at  all  it  is  worth  spendin,ii-  some 
time  upon  in  the  planninjr,  so  that  thelifeof  the  household,  while 
not  of  the  severely  formal  tx'jie  that  the  city  house  shelters,  will 
yet  be  at  least  comfortabl(\  and  not  robbed  of  all  conveniences 
and  privacy  The  enemies  of  the  bungalow — thousjh  they  are 
few — have  a  foundation  for  their  dislike  of  the  type  in  the  fact 
that  far  too  many  bnuijalows  are  so  carelessly  planned  that  life 
in  tlicm  tends  backward  towards  the  less  civilized  ])ast ;  in 
attemptinji  to  provide  a  held  for  a  simpler  form  of  life  the  un- 
studied and  bunji'liiii;  plan  fails  to  satisfy  the  fundamental  needs 
of  a  self-respectinij  mode  of  livint;-.  \\v  :nv  far  too  ready  to 
endure  in  a  bun.ijalow  inconveniences  that  would  not  be  tolerated 
in  any  more  stable  type  of  home.  And  the  straiiirest  i)art  of  it 
all  is  that  these  inconveniences  are  by  no  means  necessary; 
the  whole  matter  resolves  itself  into  a  need  for  more  carefully 
studied  j)lans. 

The  plan  illustrated  on  this  pajre  is  convincing:  proof  that  the 
livinj^-quarlers.  service  department  and  the  bedrooms  may  be 


P  L  A  N 


65 


kept  distinctly  separate,  without  necessitating  a  ramhlini,^  plan 
that  is  much  more  expensive  to  ])uil(l.  It  is  a  well  known  fact 
that  the  nearer  a  plan  approaches  the  square  the  more  econom- 
ically it  can  be  built.  Win,<is,  ells  and  many  angles  mean  greatly 
increased  expense. 

This  particular  plan  may  well  serve  as  a  type,  permitting 
enlargement  without  destroying  its  essential  fitness  in  the  matter 
of  the  inter-relation  of  rooms.  I  have  indicated,  in  the  diagram 
following,  a  way  in  which  additional  bedrooms  could  easily  be 
added. 

Too  frequently  a  perfectly  good  living-room  is  spoiled  1)\'  l)eing 
darkened  l)y  a  porch  roof  shielding  its  windows.  This  has  been 
v(>ry  cleverly  avoided  by  ^Ir.  King  in  the  plan  shown,  and  he  has 
pi'ovid(Ml  a  porch  off  the  dining-room  that  would  undou1)tedly 
be  used  frequently  in  the  serving  of  meals.  It  ma}'  be  objected 
that  the  other  porch  is  too  small,  and  it  is  undoubtedly  a  fS,ct 

that  we  should  have 
too  much  porch 
space  rather  than 
too  little  in  a  home 
where  the  great  ma- 
jority of  the  day- 
light hours  are  spent 
outdoors.  It  will 
be  readily  seen, 
however,  that  the 
porch  in  the  plan 
mentioned  could  be 
prolonged,  either  to 
the  front  or  the  side, 
without  affecting 
the  plan,  and,  in  t'.ie 
hands  of  a  skilled 
•ui   .       .    A  .u    ,     ■  designer,      without 

It  would  be  readily    possible  to    extend    the  sleeping-  .'^.         ' 

quarters  of  Mr.  King^s  plan  shown  on  the  preceding-  spoiling  the  appear- 

page  without  interfering  with  its  essentials.    It  might  -     ,  . 

be  well  also  to  make  the  kitchen  larger  aUCe  01  the  CXteriOr. 


66  BUNGALOWS 

Another  type  is  shown  in  the  plan  of  a  somewhat  larger  bunga- 
low designed  by  Mr.  Schnaittacher  fpage  10).  Here  the  living- 
room  is  in  the  center,  witli  the  kitchen,  pantry, .servant's  l)edrooni, 
lavindrv,  porch,  etc.,  on  one  side,  and  the  four  beth'oonis,  each 
adjoining  a  bath,  oj^ening  ui)on  the  hall  that  runs  along  the  other 


A    mid-western   type    of   one-story    house    that    typifies    the    "Chicago 

School."     It  would  be  difficult  to  trace  any  connection  between  this  and 

the  bungalow  of  India 

side.  Here  again  the  plan  shows  l)ut  one  door  leading  from  the 
living-room  into  the  sleeping  quarters — a  most  desirable  feature 
of  the  bungalow  interior.  This  plan  is  more  expensive  to  build, 
even  in  proportion  to  its  added  area,  for  tlio  reason  that  there 
are  numerous  angles  in  the  outline,  ni:iii\  of  wiiich  could  be 
omitted,  however,  if  it  were  neces.sarv. 

\  plan  by  'ralliuadge  &  Wat.son  that  is  .somewlinl  similar 
in  its  essential  features  to  the  one  just  discu.ssed  is  illustrated 
herewith.  Tt  has  several  particularly  distinctive  points,  how- 
ever, and  is  well  worthy  of  our  study.  I'tic  ;irchitects  have 
appreciated  the  value  of  long  vistas  and  have  .secured  tiiese  in  a 
verv  clever  manner,  without  .sacrificing  any  of  the  e.s.sentials  of 


PLAN 


67 


Exterior  on  pafic  66;  interior  on  pat^c  tjS 

The  Estabrook  plan  shows  a  remarkable 
development  of  vistas,  without  any  sacri- 
fice of  convenient  arrangement 


economical  planning-  This 
particular  hunsalow  is 
intended  for  pprnianont  occu- 
pancy and  is  therefore  finished 
accordini^Iy. 

Another  example  of  the  cen- 
tral liviiiii-room  flanked  l)y 
two  wiiiiis,  one  containing  the 
dining  and  ser\'ice  quarters 
and  the  other  the  bedrooms 
and  baths,  is  showai  in  Mr.  F. 
W.  Wilson's  design  for  his 
own  bungalow  (page  29). 
There  is  a  difference  here, 
however,  in  that  two  doors 
open  from  the  living-room, 
each  into  one  of  the  main  bed- 
rooms, which  have  the  l)atli 
between  them.  Mr.  Wilson  has  added  another  feature  to  this 
plan  in  the  patio,  reached  through  the  French  window  in  the 
lixdng-room  and  having  but  one  additional  exit — a  gate  in  the 
five-foot  brick  enclosing  wall  that  extends  across  the  back. 

The  plan 
of  .Mr.  Cole's 
bungalow,  it 
will  be  no- 
ticed, is  very 
much  like 
the  Wilson 
one  in  gen- 
eral type. 
It  has  no 
patio,  how- 
ever, and  the 

arran"'ement         ^'^^  '-•"'^  bungalow  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  central  living- 
'^  .  room  type,  with  the  sleeping-quarters  reached  through  a  single 

of  the  service  opening  from  the  living-room 


68 


BT^XOALOWS 


^      

Fl 

ki 

— 1 

•        1 

Another    excellent    example    of    the 

central    living-room   type,  with  the 

bedrooms  opening  from  a  hall.      The 

maid's  room  adjoins  the  kitchen 


depart iiiont  is  difToroiit.  Hero 
too,  there  is  the  siniile  opening 
between  the  livinjr-rooni  and 
sleepinsi-tjuarters. 

An  l''astern  oxaiiiplc  of  the 
central  li\  inii-rnoni  type  is 
shown  in  .Mr.  Knil)ury's  phin. 
Here  a<iain  there  ft  the  sinfjle 
door  between  tlie  livin,<;-room 
and  the  hall,  upon  wliich  open 
the  three  hech'ooins  and  hath. 


Plan  ufw  '.  ■•>:., r  :,„'■:.■ 

An  interesting  combination  of  brick  piers  and  stucco  walls  on  a  ' 


The  patio  type  is  now  usually  found 
with  one  side  open  • 


It  is  hut  a  sliort  step  from  this 
plan  to  the  patio  type  illustrated 
in  Mr.  Moore's  plan.  In  this  the 
architect  has  used  his  materials 
in  a  wa\-  that  suiiirests  very  pleas- 
antly tiic  Spani.sh  .Mission  tyjx" 
of  liuildinj!;,  with  its  cool  plastered 
walls  and  ovcrhamrini:  dark  cor- 
nice. 

\'ery  similar  in  plan,  hut  re- 
versed, is  Mr.  Moore's  second  plan 


PLAN 


69 


shown  on  paj^e  70.  The  materials,  however,  are  far  different — 
redwood  shingles  insteatl  of  the  adobe  for  the  walls.  M ore- 
over,  the  bedroom  winj;-,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  illustration  on 
page  71,  is  a  two-story  one,  providing  three  more  bedrooms. 


The  Hart  bungalow  at  San  Marino,  Cal.,  has  adobe  walls  strongly  sug- 
gestive of  the  old  Spanish  Missions 


The  photograph  is  unfortunate  in  showing  comparatively  bare  surroundings  for  the 
Hart  bungalow.     A  front  hedge  would  work  wonders  in  the  appearance  of  the  building 


70 


Br.\(;  AL0W8 


The  patio  plan  usually  has  a  liv- 
ing-room in  the  center  across  the 
front.  There  are  additional  bed- 
rooms here  in  the  second  story 
over  the  bedroom  wing 

of    the   newer  sul)url);ui 
adaptations  of  the  l)un,i; 
space,    and    too    fre(iuen 


.Mrs.  ( lirouards  l)un,i;alo\v  sliow.s 

another  adaptation  of  the    central 

Iivin<i-rooiii  sdieine.     Here,  instead 

of  allowini;-  the  sitle  wings  to  project 

to  the  front  or  rear,  they  are  carried 

straight  out  at   the    same    d(>ptli. 

The   result    is    an    extnniiely   long 

bungalow,  that  is  easily  nidfcd  and 

particularly  j)leasing  in  its  exterior. 

.Vnother  type  of  plan  will  be  re- 

(juired    if   the   bungalow  is    to   be 

restricted  in  its  site.     A  great  niany 

cornniunifies  are   being  built   up  with 

;alow,  usually  with   some  second-story 

tly    these    have    to    be    placed    on     a 


An  ell  of  the  porch  secures  all  the  available  breezes  and  encloses  a  sort   of  patio  in 

this  California  bungalow.     Wherever  the  general  plan  permits,  it  is  advisable  to  have 

this  sort  of  a  free-standing  porch 


P  L  A  X 


71 


comparatively  narrow  lot.      Iho  plan  illustrated  at  the  top  of 
pa.sje  72  sliows  a  successful  solution  of  this  proljlcni.     It  will  be 


The  high  two-story  rear  wing  robs  the  Hobert  California  home  of  the 
title  of  bungalow 


Exteriors  en  paecs  172.  1S6 

In  the  Girouard  bungalow  the  bedroom  and  service  quarters  respectively 

are  drawn  out  horizontally  from  either  side  of  the  living-room  to  make  a 

long,  narrow  building 

noticed  tiiat  here,  as  in  the  other  plan,  the  kitchen  is  in  imme- 
diate touch  with  the  dining-room,  but  well  isolated  from  the 


BUXC  A  l.oWS 


K,-,T.M  .>  A'.itV.-.v.  .irchit.r:- 
A  bungalow  plan  for  a  narrow  lot,  with 
the  entrance  directly  into  the  living- 
room 


]<<•.<  /  ,i;;iii.i.jV>  ^'^  ir,i/j,>«. 

The  plan  of  the  Wilson  bungalow  at  Ravinia,  111.,  is  one  easily 
adaptable  to  the  narrow  lot  by  having  the  porch  end  at  the  front 


bedrooms — there  is  l)iit  the  one 
necessary  door  from  the  kitchen 
into  the  hall.  Here  a<z;ain  the 
architects.  Reeves  &  Bailey, 
have  succeeded  in  keepiiiir  the 
livinji-room  well  liiihtcd.  The 
porch,  as  indicated  on  ihc  j)laii, 
extends  only  iKiwccn  the  two 
])lack('ii('d  piers  on  the  fi'oiil.  the 
remainder  of  its  llooi-  to  the 
rifiht  Ix'in.ij;  iincoveretl. 

Another  plan  that  could  very 
easily  be  adapted  to  the  long 
narrow  lot  is  shown  at  the  l)ot- 
tomof  paf!;e73.  Thisone  whicli, 
by  the  way,  provide.^  for  one 
lartie  l)edroom  in  tlie  attic,  is 
iipcii  lo  objcclion  ill  iIk'  f.-ji-t 
tiial  the  oiil\  \v;i\-  t"roin  the  bed- 
room li;ill  into  till'  li\inv:-rooin 
lies  tiirouiih  the  diniuir-room,  a 
jioint  that 
m  i  ji  h  t  or 
mif^ht  not  be 
a  disndvaii- 
tajje,  accord- 
ing to  the  cir- 
cumstanees 
in  any  par- 
ticul;ir  ca.se. 
Tiic  pl;in  at 
the  I'ottom 
of  page  7 .5 
avoids  this 
fault,  if  it 
mav  be  called 


PLAN 


73 


such,  and  is  in  many  re- 
spects exceptionally  well 
thouiilit  out.  In  addition 
it  lias  tlie  mlvantaf^e  of 
beinii  almost  square,  so 
that  it  could  l)c  I  milt  most 
economically.  riic  two 
plans  of  Tallmadiic  c'i:  Wat- 
son shown  herewith  and  on 
page  41  are  also  of  this 
deep-and-narrow-lot  t  y pe . 
The  way  in  which  the  iiall 
in  the  second  example, 
though  comparatively  a 
minor  factor  in  the  plan, 
leads  to  dining-room, 
living-room  and  bedroom 
hall,  is  most  ingenious. 

This  brings  us  to  several 
types  that  might  be  classed 
with  the  bungalows,  al- 
though the  first  one  does 
not  proj)erly  fall  under  that 
head.     In  the  Hubon  camp 


One  objection  to  this  plan  for  a  narrow  lot  is 

that  the  way  from  bedrooms  to  living-room 
lies  through  the  dining-room 


1.  G.  Kkluirdioi 


chitect 


This  plan  is  open  to  the  same  objection,  if  it  be  considered  an  objection,  but  it  is  a 

difficult  matter  to  avoid  for  the  narrow  lot.     There  is  one  bedroom  and  storage  space 

in  the  attic 


PLAN 


(pafj;e  57)  the  liviiiif-rooni  opon.s 
up  to  the  roof,  haviiiii;  a  nailery 
arouiKJ  it  upon  which  open  two 
Ixnlroonis  and  a  "donuitory. " 
While  the  Hubon  camp  is  not  a 
bungalow,  it  is  so  interesting;  as 
a  distinct  type  of  informal  sum- 
mer home  that  it  seems  well 
worth  includinj^  amonj>;  the  illus- 
trations, even  at  the  risk  of  1)ein.i!; 
thou<;"ht  inconsistent. 

Another  plan  that  is  shown 
(paj-e  79)  is  interestiu";  chiefly 
because  of  its  unusual  size,  there 
beinj:;  twenty-seven 
rooms  a  n  d  f  on  r 
baths  in  it,  and  also 
because  of  the  fact 
that  it  represents 
the  portal)le  type 
of  buniialow.  This 
{)ailicular  example 
was  built  in  sec- 
tions nea  r  X  e  w 
York  Ci  t  y  a  n  d 
erected  at  Ormond 
Beach,  Florida. 

The  plan  l)y  .Mr. 
End)ury  that  is 
shown  herewi  t  h 
cannot  be  classified 
under  any  of  tlie 
types  that  have 
been  menliiuied. 
It  is  a  law  unto 
i  t  self ,    and    i  s    a 


.1  viiKir  Ewbiiry.  II  .  anhilccl 

Only  one  chimney  is  needed  here,  yet 
the  service  wing  and  sleeping  quarters 
are  both  isolated  trom  the  living-room 


Exterior  on  /"iVi-  76  Hc}lliiti:s-Morih  &  Brat^don,  arcitilccls' 

The  long  vista  through  living-room  and   dining-room 

across  the  front  is  an  excellent  feature;  indeed  the  whole 

plan  is  extremely  well  studied 


78 


B  U  X  G  A  L  0  W  S 


Frequently  even  in  tlu-  ..n,--i  nv  li-m-;.    n-  i      .      ;  ,  h.mcc  fnr  making  an  arcliitectural 
feature  of  storage  space  in  the  attic 


1^211 

1   "-""^iM 

^  a  li^ 

^ 

•  J,  JJLUl            ^       .          ^-p- 

'   i'Tv''' ^^ 

n.m  ,11  ,"■,:,■  -^  /;.  /■,.  i-  //.  /..  n  :rt ,.::.  ,,r>„i:.c/j 

The  Putnam  bungalow  was  built  in  sections  in  New  York  City  and  shipped 

to  Ormond  Beach,  Fla.,  where  it  was  erected 


|);irticiil;irly  in.iicnious  solulioii  of  the  prolilcin  of  usiiiu;  l)ut  oiio 
cliiiiiticv.      It  was  necessary,  (licrcfort',  lo  lniiiL!:  tlu' kilclicii  .miuI 


PLAN 


79 


Ernest  Thompson  Seton's   porch  at   t      i   ili,  Cnn.,  lu.s  an  excellent  suggestion  for 
avoiding  a  dark  pnrch  in  the  midst  of  the  woods 


-^y.' r^ 


m  rcnH 


iiJ-^L ) 


lixlerior  cm  raf.c  7S  H.  IC.  &  H.  F.  Harliucll,  architects 

Twenty-seven  rooms  and  four  baths  are  found  in  this  patio  bungalow  at 
Ormond  Beach.     The  walls  are  of  yellow  pine  and  asbestos  cement 

livinji-rooni  close  together,  and  it  is  intorestini;  to  see  how  tliis 
has  been  done  without  disturbing  the  bedroom  group. 


80 


B  U  X  C:  A  L  O  W  8 


The  plan  for  (he  Allen  ranch  home  (.pa^e  83)  at  Hollywood, 
California,  is  another  one  that  refuses  to  be  classified  Xor  is  it 
any  wonder  that  this  is  so  when  one  considers  that  the  structure 
is  built  oji  the  side  of  a  hill  so  steep  that  the  second  story  does  not 
come  over  the  first,  but  is  pushed  up  on  a  hijjher  ledj^e  of  rock. 

One  of  the  problems  in  planninjj;  is  to  j)rovide  abundant  porch 
space  without  darkening  any  of  the  rooms.  This  is  not  always 
possil)le  when  the  most  economical  building  is  necessary,  but  the 
plans  that  are  showai  herewith  will  suggest  a  number  of  ways  in 
which  the  porch  may  join  the  living-room  without  darkening 
it  to  any  extent.  It  is  surprising  that  many  bungalow  builders 
do  not  l)reak  away  from  the  porch  roof  and  work  out  some  such 
arrangement  as  is  illustrated  on  pages  79  and  84,  or  in  the  Ilaynes 
home  in  Massachusetts  (page  11)    Here  a  frameworkof  rough. 


The   "  dormitory "    of   the    Hubon    summer    home    is    an   excellent   suggestion  for 
emergency  bedroom  space 


P  L  A  N 


81 


uncovered  timbers  rests  on  the  porch  posts.  This  may  be  covered 
with  vines  alone  or  with  an  awning  that  could  be  rolled  up  after 
the   sun    has   gone  down.     Some    such    arrangement    as    this, 


/■w.i  ...I  f'>y  '.Villim:  P.  Ihilu'it.  jrchiica 

The  open   gallt-ry  .xiemi^  arnnni  thri>-  siilc^  nf  the  Hubon  living-room. 

giving  access  to  the  bedrooms  and  dormitory 

together  with  at  least  a  portion  of  the  porch  space  entirely 
uncovei-ed,  would  be  a  good  thing  to  strive  for  in  {)lanning. 

Then  too,  do  not  forget  the  sleeping-porch.  It  would  be  a 
very  easy  matter  indeed  to  arrange  for  a  sleeping-porch  in  con- 
junction with  almost  any  of  the  bedroom  wings  shown  among 
these  illustrations  of  plans.  Unfortunately  few  of  the  examples 
illustrated  show  this,  but  some  of  them  do  show  another  feature 
that  is  a  product  of  the  West  and  which  we  of  the  East  might 
well  borrow  in  planning  our  bungalow.  I  refer  to  the  screened 
porch,  without  whidi  no  Southern  California  home  is  con.sidered 
livable.  On  it  most  of  the  kitchen  work  is  carried  out,  in  the 
comfort  that  a  well  ventilated,  vine-shaded  outdoor  room  alone 
can  bring. 

Tliere  is  one  other  consideration  tliat  must  be  kept  constantly 


PLAN 


83 


in  the  designer's  mind  when  working  out  a  floor  phin,  and  that 
is  (he  necessity  for  keeping  tlie  flooi-  area  as  a  whole  one  that 
permits  of  a  simple  and  inexpensive  roof.  Keep  the  plan  within 
the  boundaries  of  either  one  long  rectangle — for  a  roof  of  two 


fl/fCWT£CT 


Exterior  on  page  S2  Arthur  R.  Kelly,  architect 

The  Allen  ranch  house  is  located  on  such  a  steep  slope  that  the  second 

story  does  not  come  over  the  first-story  walls,  but  is  pushed  back  up  the 

hill  at  one  corner 

planes^  or  of  several  well  connecttHl  minor  rectangles  where 
gabled  roofs  may  be  employed.  A  careful  study  of  the  plans 
here  shown,  in  conjunction  with  the  roofing  systems  that  the 
respective  architects  have  worked  out;  as  shown  in  the  exterior 
photographs,  will  indicate  some  of  the  possibilities.  Excepting 
in  the  case  of  a  plan  that  approaches  the  square,  where  the 
roof  may  be  of  four  planes  terminating  in  a  central  point,  it 
will  be  well  to  strive  for  one  main  rectangle,  that  is  considerably 


P  L  A  X 


85 


loiiiicr  than  wide,  with  smaller  acljuinin<i  rectangles  that  will  Ijc 
covorod  hy  iiablcs  in  the  main  roof.  And  in  order  to  secure  that 
blanket-like  roof  that  is  associated  with  the  true  l)uni!;alow  type, 


•     In  pl.iiinin^;   \  our   iiurdi   sinice  it  will  be  well  to  keep  in  mind  the  desir- 
ability of  an  intimate  connection  with  the  dining-room  or  kitchen  so  that 
meals  may  be  served  outdoors 

the  main  roof  or  its  gables  will  usually  cover  the  porch  space  us 
well  as  the  interior  with  a  minimum  of  Ijreaks.  In  other  words, 
instead  of  providing  a  separate  roof  for  the  porch,  as  is  the  com- 
mon practice  in  other  types  of  dwellings,  the  main  roof  or  a 
gable  will  also  shelter  the  porch. 


L 


an) 


5S 


■5  *  S 


°  ""2 

„  d  " 
«  2 


c  a. 
«  o 


Chapter  V 

Foundations 


THEIIE  is  such  a  Ijroad  field  uf  building  materials  from 
which  to  choose  one  or  two  for  the  bungalow  that  we  are 
confronted  with  an  actual  embarrassment  of  riches.  In 
addition  to  most  of  the  materials  used  in  our  permanent  homes, 
there  are  many  more  of  a  kind  better  suited,  in  most  cases,  to 
the  informality  of  the  bungalow  type. 

In  the  interests  of  orderliness  and  convenience  it  will  be  well  to 
take  these  up  under  the  three  divisions  of  foundations,  walls  and 
roofs. 

Prol)al)ly  the  most  satisfactory  foundations  for  the  wooden 
structure  of  modest  pretensions  are  piers  of  concrete.  These 
may  be  about  two  feet  square,  at  all  corners  and  wherever  else 
they  may  be  required  to  obviate  the  necessity  for  long  and  there- 
fore expensive  spans  of  the  "sill"  (the  horizontal  base  member 
of  the  wooden  superstructure). 

If  the  soil  where  the  building  is  to  stand  is  a  heavy  clay,  it  mav 
be  unnecessary  to  build  wooden  forms  to  confine  the  concrete 
while  it  is  setting;  a  clean-cut  hole  of  square  section  may  be  dug 
down  to  a  soUd  sub-strata  of  soil  or  rock,  or  to  a  firm  base  of 
sand,  being  sure,  however,  to  carry  the  bottom  below  the  frost  line 
for  that  particular  locality.  In  some  of  the  northern  states  the 
frost  penetrates  to  a  depth  of  six  feet,  but  three  or  four  ^\^ll 

(S7) 


88 


B  U  X  G  A  L  O  ^\'  S 


P!a<:  <m  page  Xo  A.  B.  />V.:.','i..  archt:,-<: 

An  exceptionally  instructive  example  of    the  stone  foundation  that  grows  directly 
from  its  environment 


more  often  be  fouiul  the  limit.  Always  start  a  fomulalion  pier 
of  concrete,  or  indeed  of  any  other  material,  on  an  imdisturbed 
bed;  otherwise  there  is  sure  to  be  at  least  a  little  settling  of  the 
support,  ^^'ith  concrete  piers  it  will  be  well  to  lay  at  the  bottom 
of  the  excavation  a  few  of  the  largest  stones  available,  filling  in 
between  with  smaller  ones.  On  this  dump  a  wheelbarrow  load 
of  the  concrete,  wliiih  has  been  ihoroughly  mixed  by  turning 
over  and  over,  with  the  gra(hial  additioti  of  water,  the  following 
ingredients:  cement  1  part,  satid  '_'  pails,  ci-ushed  stone  (to  pass 
through  a  22-inch  ring)  4  parts.  Use  only  enough  water  to 
unite  the  materials  thoroughly.  Tamp  the  concrete  into  the 
excavation  and  then  dump  in  anotlier  wheelbarrow  lo.ad  Ix^fore 
the  i)()rtion  in  place  has  become  dry. 

If  the  pier  is  to  project  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  as 


FOUNDATIONS 


89 


will  probably  be  the 
case,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  Ijuild  a  scjuare 
form  of  heavy  j)lanks 
to  confine  it  until  it 
has  set,  and  the  tanip- 
injj;  will  have  to  be 
more  carefully  done  in 
order  to  secure  a 
smooth  surface. 

The  foUowini;  table, 
which  is  taken  from 
Kidder's  excellent 
work,  Building  Con- 
struction and  Superin- 
tendence, will  show  the 
quantities  of  cement,  sand  and  stone  recjuiretl  for  each  cubic 
yard  of  rammed  concrete  in  the  various  proportions  in  which 
this  is  mixed  for  various  purposes: 


Exterior  on  p,jgc  SS 

From  the  balcony  and  a  screened  porch  on  which 
the  meals  are  served,  there  is  a  view  over  the  San 
Gabriel,  Cahuenga  and  La  Crescenta  Canada  Val- 
leys, with  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  picturepque  Santa 
Catalina  twenty-five  miles  away 


Proportions 

Quantities  required  per  cu.  yd.  op 
co.nxrete 

Cement , 
sack 

Sand,         1         Stone, 
cu.  ft.                 cu.  ft. 

Cement,      1        Sand, 
bbls           j           yds. 

Stone, 
yds. 

1 

1 

li 

2 

2 

2i 

3 

3 
4 
5 
5 
6 

t 
1.9                     0.42 
1.4.5                     0.45 
1.3                       0   38 
1.2                     0.45 
1.                        0.40 

0.85 
0.86 
0.95 
0.90 
0.92 

Thus,  if  in  your  locality  cement  costs  $2  per  l)arrel,  sand 
50  cents  a  yard  and  coarse  gravel  GO  cents  a  yard,  a  cubic  3-ard 
of  the  1:2:4  concrete  will  l)e  $3.04.  The  cost  of  mixing  and 
putting  into  the  forms  should  not  exceed  $1.50  per  yard,  with 
wages  at  17§  cents  per  hour. 

A  small  saving  in  cost  might  l)e  effected  by  carrying  the  con- 
crete up  just  to  grade  and  then  building  the  remainder  of  the 
pier  of  brick  or  stone. 


90 


B  V  X  c;  A  L  O  W  S 


It  may  be  found  advisal)lctou.so  j^loiu*  throughout  for  the  piers, 
particularly  if  there  is  a  quantity  of  it  availal)le  on  the  site, 
as  frecjuently  happens.  Then  too,  if  the  ehinineys  are  to  l)e  of 
stone  it  would  l)e  well  to  have  at  least  the  visible  parts  of  the 
piers  showiuii  the  same  material.  If  the  bottom  of  the  pier 
excavations  is  rock  or  hard-pan  the  stone  piers  may  be  started 
directlv  on  it,  usins;  broad  flat  stones  for  the  footinsr  course.     If 


^ 

^HH 

1 

m 

\ 

B^^ 

WF 

The  side  walls  of  shakes  are  carried  directly  down  to  the  grnun  1     .i  rather 

unusual  form  of  foundation  excepting  in  cheap  construction.      I  lu^  whole 

bungalow  cost  but  $1200.     It  consists  of  five  rooms  and  a  bath 


uncertain  or  yieldiiiii  soil  is  found  there,  however,  a  footinj^ 
cour.se  of  concrete,  as  before,  about  eiiiht  inches  deep,  would  be 
a  wi.se  precaution  a<i;ainst  settliui";. 

Brick  may  l)e  used  in  the  same  way  on  a  footinji  course  of 
concrete,  provided  the  buildinii  it  is  to  carry  is  of  liiiht  construc- 
tion, allhouiih  ordinarily  it  is  b;id  practice  to  have  a  brick  wall 
under  irround. 

The  che.'ipest  f(jundation  of  all,  however,  for  ;i  frame  building 
of  li,!j;ht  construction  such  as  the  bungalow  usually  is.  will  prob- 
bably  be  found  to  be  locust  posts.     These  should  be  about  six 


I'^  O  IT  X  D  A  T I O  N  S 


91 


inches  in  diameter  and  should  rest  e\'enly  on  a  footing  course  of 
concrete  or  on  a  firmly  bedded  large  flat  stone.  It  is  well  to  give 
these  posts  a  good  coating  of  creosote  in  order  to  prolong  their 
Ufe.  I  was  once  discussing  the  comparative  endurance  of  locust 
posts  with  a  New  England  farmer  when  he  offered  the  opinion 
that  "  a  locust  post  will  last  about  five  minutes  longer  than  a  stone 
one."     It  is,  of  course,  essential  that  the  top  and  bottom  of  the 


The  foundation  here  is  of  rough  redwood  boards,  set  an  inch  or  two  apart 
with  battens  on  the  inside 


post  be  sawed  off  iH'i'fecdysijuarc  and  at  right  angles  to  the  length, 
so  as  to  get  a  firm  bearing  on  ihc  footing  and  for  the  sill  above. 
Occasionally  a  combination  of  the  concrete  footing  and  the 
locust  post  may  be  foimd  advisable.  The  post  is  set  in  the  usual 
way  on  a  flat  stone  and  held  vertically  with  guy  timbers  while 
concrete  is  rammed  about  it  to  fill  up  the  excavation.  The 
latter  in  this  case  need  be  only  as  large  in  area  as  can  conve- 
niently be  dug,  this  depending,  of  course,  on  the  depth  to  which  it 
has  to  go.  The  saving  by  this  method  over  the  concrete  pier  is 
that  forms  will  not  have  to  be  constructed  to  make  the  pier 
square  and  neatly  finished  above  ground. 


92 


BUNGALOWS 


A  continu'HH  wall  of  stone  has  been  used,  with  a  raised  line  of  pointim;  mi  ilir  ,iut 
side.      The  latter  would  be  out  of   place  with  a  less  tinished  style  of   summer  home 

Whatever  sort  of  foundation  i.s  decided  upon,  there  is  one 
point  that  should  l)e  l)onie  in  mind  rehitiiii;  to  the  ai)pearancc 
of  the  finished  structure.  The  whole  character  of  the  Imnuidow 
type  calls  for  a  buildini:  (hat  is  set  as  close  to  the  iirdund  as 
possible,  'riic  only  practicai  coiisidci-ation  will  lie  that  the 
floor  joists  must  be  kept  a  foot  or  two  alcove  the  ii;round  so  as  to 


Brick  piers  are  used  here,  with  stone  for   the  chimney.     Whatever  piers  art  used, 
latticework  should  close  the  openings  between  them 


FOUNDATIONS  93 

keep  them  from  becoming-  damp.  Of  course  where  a  cellar  is 
dug  this  matter  of  dry  joists  will  take  care  of  itself,  but  another 
factor  will  come  into  the  problem— the  need  for  getting  windows 
in  between  the  ground  level  and  the  bottom  of  the  joists.  For 
the  sake  of  the  appearance  of  the  finishetl  structure,  keep  these 
windows  as  flat  as  they  can  possibly  be  made.  Use  more  sash 
rather  than  higher  sash. 

A  feature  tliat  helps  to  make  a  bungalow  appear  low  is  the 
introduction  of  latticework  between  the  piers.  This  screen  may 
be  very  cheaply  built  of  three-inch  strips  for  the  frame  and 
ordinary  lath  for  the  lattice  filling.  There  is  no  single  thing 
that  increases  the  apparent  height  and  stiltedncss  of  a  building 
so  much  as  leaving  unscreened  the  openings  between  the  piers. 


Chapter  VI 

IF  all  Materials 


TilEllE  is  no  necessity  in  a  book  on  bungalows  to  go  very 
deeply  into  the  whole  matter  of  building  materials  for 
walls.  The  illustrations  included  in  these  pages  show 
buildings  in  which  practically  every  available  ])uilding  material 
has  been  used — brick,  stone  and  stucco,  in  addition  to  the  more 
common  wood.  Usually,  however,  the  bungalow  will  be  built  of 
one  of  the  several  forms  of  wood — battened  boards,  clapboards, 
siding  or  shingles. 

The  sim{)lest  wall  covering  of  these,  and  therefore  the  cheapest 
in  most  localities,  consists  in  the  use  of  rough  hemlock  or  spruce 
nailed  to  the  ordinary  stud  frame,  either  vertically  or  horizon- 
tall\'.  Some  provision  must  then  be  made  for  covering  the 
joints — usually  by  narrow  battens  outside.  The  wall  will  be 
more  durable  and  less  liable  to  show  the  effects  of  weathering 
if  the  boards  are  put  on  vertically,  l)eing  nailed  to  the  sill  and 
plate  (the  horizontal  memljer  forming  the  top  of  the  stud  frame 
and  supporting  the  roof  rafters).  In  this  connection,  however, 
it  will  be  well  to  design  the  height  of  the  building  so  that  boards 
of  standard  length,  ten,  twelve  or  fourteen  feet,  may  be  used 
without  cutting  to  waste,  as  it  will  be  found  impractical  to  use 
less  than  a  full  length  l)oard  between  plate  and  sill,  excepting 
where  an  opening  intervenes. 

(95) 


9G 


B  U  X  G  A  L  O  W  S 


These  boards  for  the  outside  wall  may  be  iinplancd — in  fact 
it  will  be  very  much  better  for  the  api)earance  of  the  buildin.c;  if 
they  are  left  in  this  rough  condition.  They  take  stain  very 
much  better  and  give  a  much  more  interesting  texture  to  the 
wall.  The  battens,  however,  will  ordinarily  have  to  be  planed, 
for  the  rea.son  that  lumber  in  this  small  size — about  one-half 


iifa 


m 


The  Austin  bungalow  is  built  of  planks,  i '.  x  lo  ins.,  above  a  shingled  base 


inch  l)v  three  inches — is  not  oft(Mi  iibl;iin;il)lc  unpl,-inc(l.  In 
put  liiiL:;  t  licsc  on  owv  the  juiiits  t  licy  si k mid  1  ic  n.-iilcd  td  1  nn  (uic 
of  the  two  l)oartls  they  come  in  contact  witii.  (>lhcrwi.-^e  they 
are  almost  sure  to  be  split  when  the  shrinkiTig  of  th(>  wide  boards 
tends  to  open  up  the  joints.  If  nailed  to  but  one  of  the  boards 
the  batten  will  follow  this  and  remain  intact,  still  covering  the 
oj>ening    forming  a  sort  of  slip-joint. 


WALLS 


97 


\?f^"- 


Uuu^ii    li^.iii,;.,  l.i.-^    h.  .;i.:wiU.Ul>    uVi;    :!k  ..:  lul..  .:;  ^    u^t-d    m  ihis  Iiuiil;  >  1     '-     i     l^i',,!!' 
waters,  Bay  Shore,  L.  I.     The  plan  consists  of  living-room,   kitchen,  live   bedrooms 

and  bath 

Tlie  iii.side  finish  of  tliis  simplest  type  of  wall  construction 
will  be  taken  up  in  the  chapter  on  Interior  Finish. 

It  is  usually  more  in  keepinsj;  with  the  low  and  horizontal  feeling 
of  the  buniralow  to  have  the  boards,  when  these  are  used  for  the 


Rough  hemlock  boards,  nailed  vertically  from  sill  to  plate,  with  battens  on   the  out- 
side, are  used  for  the  walls.     The  cost  of  the  bungalow  complete  was  $1500 


98 


BUNGALOWS 


'■  pafies  16.  no. 

In  the  Bandini  bungalow  at  Pasadena  the  same  use  of  rough  boards,  battened,  is 
found.     It  is  perhaps  the  most  inexpensive  form  of  building 


wall  covering,  show  horizontal  lines  instead  of  vertical  ones, 
and  there  is  a  very  simple  way  of  acconiplishinii;  this  end  without 
the  use  of  battens.  The  lowest  l)oard  is  nailed  flat  auainst  the 
studs  and  sill,  or  wedged  to  flare  out.  The  second  one  is  allowed 
to  overlap  it  an  inch  or  two,  very  much  in  the  way  that  clapboards 
are  laid.  The  only  difllculty  in  tliis  method  is  the  liability  of 
the  boards  to  crack  when  they  cannot  be  nailed  flat  against  the 
studs.  Although  I  have  never  seen  it  done,  it  woiiki  seem  to  be 
feasil)le  to  cut  a  quantity  of  wedge-shaped  pieces,  from  two-inch 
stock,  which  would  be  nailed  to  the  studs  first,  with  the  broad 
end  of  the  wedge  fitting  down  close  over  the  top  of  each  board. 
This  would  give  a  flat  nailing  for  the  overlapping  l)oard.  Walls 
of  this  kind  as  well  as  those  where  the  boards  are  run  vertically 
will  usually  be  finished  at  the  corners  against  a  post  that  will 
project  just  far  enough  to  cover  the  edges  of  the  boards. 

In  many  localities,  however,  the  most  economical  wall  covering 
will  pro])ably  be  one  of  the  finished  materials,  such  as  drop- 
siding,  clapboards  or  shingles.     Any  one  of  these  materials  will 


WALLS 


In  many  localities  side  walls  of  shingles  will  be  found  practically  as   inexpensive  for 
a  good  wall  as  any  other  material.     This  building  cost  about  $2500 


make  a  tighter  wall  and  one  which  will  not  need  repairs  so  fre- 
quently— a  wall  of  rough  hemlock  l)oards  is  sure  to  need  atten- 
tion from  time  to  time  on  account  of  the  splitting  of  the  boards 
and  the  opening  up  of  joints.  The  manner  in  which  these 
materials  are  used  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  discussion. 

It  is  a  common  misapprehension  that  log  houses  are  among 
the  cheapest  kinds  to  l)uild.  In  any  settled  locality  where 
lumber  mills  are  within  convenient  reach,  log  construction  will 
cost,  decidedly  more  than  a  wall  made  of  any  of  the  materials 
mentioned  alwvc.  Even  in  a  thickly  wooded  country,  where 
the  logs  are  to  be  cut  as  needed  for  use,  it  is  difficult  to  find  a 
sufficient  number  of  logs  having  approximately  the  same  diam- 
eter. Then  too,  there  is  the  work  of  notching  the  ends  so  that 
alternate  logs  from  two  walls  will  interlock  tightly  at  a  coi-iier. 

Where  logs  are  chosen  as  the  wall  material  on  account  of 
their  picturesque  appearance  or  for  sentimental  reasons,  the 
building  must  be  planned  so  that  there  is  no  wall  surface  too 
long  to  be  covered  bv  the  available  length  of  timber.     It  will 


WALLS 


101 


In  this  log  structure  the  logs  project  one  over  another  at  the  right-hand  end  to  form 
a  support  for  a  balcony 


%m 

*e> 

UBKW^ 

mfr:m^'^^^ 

im 

V,la«^~  w 

In  the  lodge  at  "Compton"  the  logs  are  dressed  to  a  flat  surface  on  top  and  bottom 
so  that  the  chinks  do  not  have  to  be  caulked 


102 


BUNGALOWS 


■:  s-  L.  Hurley,  archil,;: 

Another  instance    .1    i;  .  -    ugh  boards  laid  hori-    ntilly   to  overlap.       It  is 

possible,  as  this  Brightwaters  bungalow  proves,  to  secure  au  effect  in  this  way  that  is 

not  lacking  in  finish 


Clapboards  differ  but  slightly  in  appearance  from  the  overlapped  boards, 
but  they  are  narrower.     The  cost  was  $700 


lie  well  also  in  |»laniiiii^  to  have  n.s  few  aii,u;l(>s  a.s  possiMc,  in  order 
to  avoiil  tho  necessity  for  so  much  notchinii.  It  will  l)e  seen, 
therefore,  th;it  the  use  of  logs  restricts  the  size  of  the  bungalow, 


W  ALLS 


103 


unless  extraordinary  measures  are  taken,  and  it  also  restricts 
the  form  of  the  structure — if  it  is  to  come  witliin  a  reasonable  cost 
— to  a  mere  box.  There  are  many  log  houses,  some  of  them  repre- 
sented among  the  illustrations  of  this  l)ook,  that  have  apparently 
not  been  very  noticeably  dwarfed  by  these  restrictions.  Suffice 
it  to  say  that  the  large  house  of  logs  actualh^  costs  more  per 
square  foot  of  floor  space  than  the  house  built  of  JDrick. 


The  best  way  to  secure   the  effect  of  a  log  structure  inexpensively  is  to 
nail  slabs — the  outside  slices  of  a  log—directly  to  a  stud  frame 

When  logs  are  used,  the  butts  and  small  ends  are,  of  course, 
alternated  in  laying  them  up,  in  order  to  keep  the  joints  as  nearly 
as  possible  horizontal.  At  the  corners  each  log  must  be  notched 
almost  half  way  through  in  order  to  allow  the  log  from  the  ad- 
joining wall  to  project  through  in  the  characteristic  way.  The 
logs  are  also  planed  to  a  narrow  level  surface  occasionally,  so 
that  the  joints  \vill  not  need  caulking.  For  clieaper  construction, 
however,  it  would  probably  be  advisable^  to  use  the  logs  as  they 
come,  caulking  the  inside  and  outside  of  the  joints. 

Another  difHculty  that  is  fairly  sure  to  confront  tli(>  man  who 
builds  witli  whole  logs  is  the  appeanuice,  after  a  year  or  more, 
of  borers  and  other  enemies  that  will  work  havoc  under  the  bark. 


•o   3 


o5 


c:2 


^Ij     S 


^^'  A  T.  L  s 


105 


For  this  reason  the  logs  are  sometimes  stripped  of  their  bark, 
beiui!;  laid  up  and  then  given  a  coat  of  protecting  creosote. 
Occasionally,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  the  logs  are  even  varnished 
though  it  would  be  difTicult  to  imagine  any  less  appropriate 
finish  for  such  an  informal  type  of  wall. 

Fortunately  there  is  a  way  of  securing  the  effect  of  a  log 
structure  without  using  whole  logs,  and  the  method  has  almost 
none  of  the  drawbacks  that  the  time-honored  method  possesses. 
I  refer  to  the  use  of  slal)s,  nailed  directly  to  the  ordinary  stud 
frame  such  as  is  used  in  a  house  that  is  to  be  covered  with  Ijoards, 
shingles,  or  clapboards. 

These  slabs,  which  are  most  frequently  available  in  chestnut, 
are  the  first  cuts  from  two  sides  of  a  log  when  it  is  lieing  sawed 
into  boards.  This  material  is  ordinarily  looked  upon  as  waste 
in  the  saw-mill,  and  for  that  reason  may  be  had  at  a  very  low 
price.  Usually  the  best  way  to  secure  it  is  to  go  to  a  saw-mill 
and  ask  them  the  price  per  load,  you  to  do  the  hauling. 

One  of  the  illustrations  herewith  shows  a  summer  home  in 


btucio  is  not  so  frequently  seen  in  the  temporary  home  or  bungalow  as  in  the  per- 
manent  home.     The  lattice   posts  in  this  example  are  particularly  interesting  and 
will  be  more  so  when  partly  covered  with  vines 


lOG 


BUNGALOWS 


Terra  cotta  tile  was  used  for  the  walls  of  this  bungalow,  being  left  uncovered  both 
outside  and  in.     The  building  is,  of  course,  fireproof 

whicli  slalxs  have  been  used  with  excellent  effect.  Aside  from 
the  panels  between  the  first-story  windows,  which  will  be  de- 
scribed later,  the  walls  were  made  by  nailing  chestnut  slabs 
directly  to  the  studding,  with  a  space  of  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  between  each  pair.  The  builder  then  cut  some  half-inch 
wire  mesh  into  strips  wide  enough  to  cover  these  open  joints, 
affording  a  nailing  on  the  two  adjacent  slaljs.  Th(>  strips  were 
fastened  over  these  joints  on  the  inside,  being  secured  with  half- 
inch  wre  staples.  The  next  step  was  to  mix  some  brown-hair 
mortar,  using  a  generous  amount  of  hair  and  about  one  part 
Portland  cement  to  three  parts  of  santl.  This  was  laid  in  the 
joints  between  the  slabs  from  the  outside,  being  pressed  firmly  in 
so  that  it  formed  a  clinch  over  the  wire  mesh.  The  joints  were 
then  gone  over  in  the  same  way  from  the  inside.  Of  course  the 
joints  opened  up  to  some  extent  after  a  year  or  so,  due  to  the 
slirinkiiig  of  the  slabs,  Init  with  cement  and  a  pointing  trowel 
the  wall  was  readily  made  tight  again. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  know  how  this  same  Ituildcr,  who  was 
an  amateur,  .secured  the  lialf-timl>er  elTect  in  the  panels  between 


WALLS 


107 


the  windows.  He  first  nailed  ront;h  Ijoards  to  the  stud  frame, 
then  beveled  two  sides  of  ordinary  lath  and  nailed  these  three 
or  four  inches  apart  on  the  wooden  base,  so  that  an  undercut 
groove  was  formed  along  both  sides  of  each  strip,  to  hold  the 
plaster  in  place  The  whole  surface  was  then  plastered  with  the 
same  mixture  of  mortar,  hair  and  cement,  as  that  used  in  caulk- 
ing (he  joints  between  the  slabs.  Wire  mesh  nailed  over  the 
whole  surface,  on  strips  that  would  hold  it  a  half-inch  or  so  away 
from  the  board,  would  have  served  the  same  purpose.  After 
the  plaster  was  thoroughly  set  the  panels  were  tinted  red,  in  this 
instance,  with  ordinary  shingle  stain. 

Another  way  of  using  the  slabs  is  to  sheathe  the  stud  frame 
first  with  ordinary  rough  boards,  naihng  the  slabs  on  top  of  these. 
This  of  cuurse  obviates  the  necessity  for  caulking  the  joints  and 
makes  a  tighter  wall.     It  would  be  well  to  run  the  sheathing 


The  terra  cotta  blocks  are  used  not  only  for  the  walls  but  for  the  terrace  as  well,  laid 
up  just  as  bricks  are  laid 


108 


B  U  X  G  A  L  0  W  S 


boards  at  right  angles  to  the  slabs,  or,  for  the  sake  of  stiffening 
the    structure,    the    sheathing    boards   are   sometimes   put   on 


PlanbclcKu  Jmttcs  S.  Coitklin^.  archtu-c: 

The  walls  of  this  Huntington,  L.  I.,  bungalow  are  of  stucco  on  metal  lath 


-T-    l-tJ-^J f 


I>VH<i&I.OV"t    C&VUf^V^JAT'    OxtNilltRN^ 
AT  •  HvHTHCifan  ItXTAtc  ■  L-1  ■ 


diagonally,  although  the  extra  cutting  necessitated  by  this 
method  would  make  it  hardly  advisal)le  unless  the  building  were 
to  be  a  fairlv  high  one. 


Chapter  VII 

RonfiiiiT   Milter  id  Is 


THE  choice  of  a  material  for  tlie  roof,  unless  tlie  Ijuikliug 
is  of  the  more  permanent  type,  erected  of  brick,  stone  or 
cement,  is  rather  limited.  Shingles  will  probably  be 
used  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  and  it  is  very  fortunate  that  this 
roofing  material,  which  is  in  most  localities  the  cheapest  pre- 
sentable roof  covering,  should  l)e  so  thoroughly  in  harmonj^ 
with  tlie  l)ungalow  type.  Tliere  are,  of  course,  other  materials 
of  approximately  the  same  cost  or  less,  such  as  tar  paper  and 
some  of  tlie  patent  roof  coverings  that  are  laid  in  sheets  directly 
from  a  roll.  Some  of  these  have  the  advantage  of  l)eing  less 
inflammable  than  shingles  and  also  more  easily  laid.  Ordinarily, 
however,  I  think  the  bungalow  builder's  personal  choice  will  fall 
upon  shingles  in  preference  to  any  of  these  recently  introduced 
substitutes. 

There  is  one  material  that  deserves  special  mention  and  that 
is  the  "  asbestos  shingle. "  Tliis  is  made  of  asl)estos  iuid  cement, 
has  the  appearance  of  soapstone,  and  is  laid  in  the  same  way  that 
slate  is  laid.  It  is  more  expensive  than  the  shingle  roof,  as  might 
be  expected  from  its  fireproof  qualities. 

On  the  Ijungalow  that  is  l)uilt  of  l)rick,  stone,  stucco  or  cement, 
one  of  the  longer-lived  roof  materials  would,  of  course,  Ije  u.sed  — 
slate,  tile  or  j)erliaps,  with  a  Hat  roof,  tin.      It  is  the  purpose  of 

(10!)) 


110 


B  U  X  G  A  L  0  W  S 


When  the  plan  approximates  a  square  this  type  of  roof  will  probably  result,  although 

where  there  is  no  second  story  the  pitch  will  be  much  lower  and  the  dormer  will  be 

omitted  to  preserve  the  true  bungalow  character 


this  l)ook,  however,  to  denl  only  with  llie  materials  employed 
in  tlie  hungalow  that  is  used  perhaps  l)iil  (omporarily,  and  which 
is  therefore  of  less  enduriiii!;  constnu-lion. 

To  return  to  sliintjles,  there  are  two  methods  of  layinic  these 
in  common  use.  The  l)etter  way  is  to  cover  the  roof  rafters  first 
with  a  sheathing  of  rough  hoards,  securing  a  sulistantial  surface 
on  which  to  lay  the  shingles.  Usually  a  layer  of  tar  paper  or 
roofing  felt  is  laid  on  top  of  these  boards  antl  underneath  the 
shingles.  .\  cheaper  way  to  lay  a  shingle  roof  is  without  the 
roof  hoarding,  fastening  the  shingles  directly  to  what  are  called 
"shingle-laths" — strips  laid  across  the  roof  rafters  and  spaced 
so  as  to  give  a  nailing  for  each  course  of  sliingles.  This  way  of 
making  a  sliingle  roof  is  frecjuently  seen  in  l)arn  construction 
and  it  has  one  advantage  aside  from  its  lower  first  cost — any 
moisture  that  may  find  its  way  through  the  sliinirles  will  imme- 
diatelv  dry  out  instead  of  rotting  the  roof  l)oar(ling.  This  very 
slight  advantage,  however,  is  more  than  offset  l»y  the  necessity  of 
covering  up  the  under  surface  of  such  a  roof  if  it  is  visible  inside. 


ROOFING 


111 


It  is  well  to  remember  that  shinnies  should  not  be  used  to 
cover  a  roof  laid  with  a  pitch  of  less  than  thirty  degrees,  as  the 
moistuic  from  melting  snow,  if  not  the  rain,  is  sure  to  work  up 
between  the  courses  and  cause  leaks. 

Modern  shingles  are  so  apt  to  curl  under  tlie  heat  of  the  sun 
that  they  should  be  laid  with  not  more  than  four  and  a  half 
inches  of  their  sixtecn-inch  total  length  exposed,  and  it  is  well  to 
keep  in  mind  also  the  fact  that  there  is  usually-  a  right  and  a 
wrong  side  of  each  shingle  to  be  exposed,  depending,  of  course, 
on  the  way  the  grain  runs. 

A  shingle  roof  should  last  from  ten  to  fifteen  years,  excepting 
that  in  salt  air  it  is  lialjle  to  deteriorate  more  quickly  than 
inland. 

^huiy    shingles   are   laid   at   llie    present    time    without    any 


Other  exteriors  ok  pt^gcs  /_!.  ,;<;.  o;.  too.  153  Davis.  McGrath  &  Shcpard  architects 

Interiors  oil  />,lj.vs   llS.  /.;.V.   l_io.  I iJ  ' 

In  this  Adirondack  lodge  a  particularly  pleasing  under-surface  of  the  roof  has  been 
obtained  by  laying  the  shingles  on  a  framework  of  saplings 


112 


BUNGALOWS 


In  choosing  a  material  for  the  roof  it  will  be  v  •  U  i     :      ji  in  mind  the  inside  appear- 
ance as  well  as  the  outside,  and  also  the  possibilities  fur  decorative  cross-bracings 


3  .'.^ 


w 


Plan  OTi  paee  iij;  anolher  exterior  on  ,'1  J.  Acker  Hays,  iiri.hiucl 

One  of  the  prepared  roof  coverings  that  is  obtainable  in  rolls  is  used  on  the  Sadler 

bungalow  at  Fort  Montgomery,  N.  Y. 


ROOFING 


113 


protection  or  preservative 
coating,  in  the  thought 
that  they  will  more  rapidly 
attain  that  very  effective 
silvery  gray  tone  in  weath- 
ering. Such  practice  was 
all  very  well  with  the  old 
hand-riven  shingles  of 
Colonial  days.  In  these 
the  surface  followed  the 
fil)re  of  the  wood  and 
therefore  was  very  much 
slower  in  showing  the 
effect  of  alternate  sun  and 
rain.  With  the  modern 
shingle,  however,  it  is  real 
economy  to  protect  the 
wood  in  some  way  from 
the    weather.       The    best 


J  ACKtR  HAYS 


■  vm^HD^ 


PLAN  crncrr  JEry 


Exteriors  belou<  and  on  page  112 
The  Sadler  bungalow  is  limited  to  the  essen- 
tials in  the  matter  of  equipment.     The  water 
is  carried  from  a   nearby  spring 


Another  extcrjor  oil  p:t<^c  ti:,  pUn  above  J.  .\cker  Hays,  arc'iUcct 

The  joints  of  the  prepared  roofing   are   covered   with  a  rubber  preparation.       From 

this  side  of  the  Sadler  bungalow  there  is  a  magnificent  view  over  the  valley  with  the 

Hudson  River  in  the  distance 


114 


BUNGALOWS 


i    i....iini;s 


treatment  is  with  a  creosote  stain,  as  the  creosote  penetrates  the 
pores  of  the  wood  and  acts  as  an  effective  i)reservative.  While 
it  is  much  easier  to  jjive  the  roof  a  brush  coat  of  the  stain  after 
the  shinsjles  are  laid,  a  far  more  efficacious  protection  is  f^iven 
l)y  dippinii;  the  shinirles  in  a  IkhtcI  of  the  stain,  after  which  they 
are  dried  and  then  laid.  In  dip])inir  tlicni  the  stain  should  cover 
all  hut  about  the  last  six  inches. 

There  are  many  ready-made  shinirle  stains  on  the  market, 
most  of  which  are  thoroughly  reliable,  and  amoni;  which  may 
l)e  foimd  a  silvery  <!;ray  that  will  give  nearly  the  same  tone  as 
a  time-weather(>d  shingle  acquires.  In  localities  where  these 
are  not  available,  an  acceptable  substitute  may  be  made  by 
mixing  paint  with  an  c<\\u\\  amount,  or  even  more,  of  creosote 
oil.  The  ])aint  should  be  of  the  ordinary  consistency  and,  of 
course,    ill    tlic   color  der.ired. 

If  it  is  found  necessary  to  cdIIccI  r.iiii  wnlcr  from  :\  sliiimlc 
roof  creosote  must   not   be   u.sed.      In    tli.it    cisc    it    would    be 


The  roofing  is  turned  over  a  rounded  edge  at  the  eaves  in  a  way  that  gives  it  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  solid  lead  roof.    The  roof  rafters  inside  are  sheathed,  the  spaces  between 
them  being  filled  with  sawdust  to  keep  out  the  heat 


116  BUXCIALOWS 

necessary  either  to  allow  the  shiuffles  to  fjo  unprotected  or  to 
cover  each  course  of  shiniiles,  as  laid,  with  paint.  Needless  to 
say,  this  is  a  slow  and  not  jxirticularly  pleasant  task. 

While  on  the  subject  of  roofing  it  may  he  well  lo  include  a 
word  on  roof  gutters.  If  the  water  is  to  be  collected  from  the 
roof  there  is  no  better  gutter  than  that  cut  from  a  solid  stick  of 
cypress.  These  are  readily  obtainable  throughout  New  England 
but  are  prol)al)ly  not  so  often  seen  in  the  West. 

Although  the  majority  of  summer  homes  pr()l)ably  are  built 
without  gutters  along  the  eaves,  it  would  be  well  to  include  this 
very  slight  additional  expenditure  for  the  sake  of  preventing 
the  disheartening  results  to  lawn  or  (lower  lx)rder  that  a  drijiping 
roof  is  sure  to  bring. 


Chapter  Fill 

Interior    Fitiish 


IT  seems  always  more  fittiiii;'  to  a\oi(l  plastered  interior  walls 
in  favor  of  some  less  formal  treatment  where  the  bunoalow 
is  used  merely  as  a  sunmier  home.  For  the  permanent 
home,  whether  ])unfialow  or  not,  plastered  walls  will  remain,  to 
many  people  at  least,  the  choice,  and  some  of  the  illustrations 
shown  herewith  indicate  how  bungalows  of  this  more  enduring 
type  have  been  finished  as  regards  the  interior  wall  surfaces. 
It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that  even  in  these  there  is  a  sug- 
gestion that  the  house  itself  is  not  of  the  ordinary  three-story 
sort.  For  example,  in  the  Estabrook  l)ungalow  the  ceiling  (p. 
128),  instead  of  being  flat,  rises  to  a  ridge  in  the  middle,  suggesting 
the  low-pitched  roof  that  is  seen  on  the  outside.  Again,  in  the 
dining-room  (p.  129)  of  the  Hobert  bungalow  at  South  Pasa- 
dena, th(^  treatment  in  white-painted  wood  wainscoting,  built- 
in  side-board  and  beamed  ceihng  is  suggestive  of  the  Innigalow 
type  again  rather  than  of  the  three-story  house. 

The  simplest  treatment  of  all,  where  the  exterior  is  covered 
with  rough  boards,  is  to  leave  the  studding  uncovered  in  the 
interior.  In  order  to  avoid  a  commonplace  and  makesliift 
appearance,  however,  it  will  be  necessary  where  this  is  done  to 
spend  some  time  and  thought  in  the  arrangement  of  a  svnnnetri- 
cal  and  suitable  spacing  of  the  studs  themselves;  that  is,  they 

(117) 


INTERIOR    F I  X  I  S  H 


119 


should  not  Ijg  allowed  to  come  just  where  the  builder  would 
naturally   put   them,    but  should   be   equal!}-   spaced   between 


The   simplest  finish   of  all  is  to  leave  the  studs  uncovered  and  unplaned 
staining  them  and  the  inside  of  the  boarding 


/■i.vri'.T  or.  p.igcs  l6.  ».?;  ollwr  inlcri.T  ,<<:  f.u:-  /  ;; 

The  walls  are  covered  with  battened  twelve-inch  boards  nailed  vertically 

corners  and  between  openings.  This  is  no  simple  matter,  by 
the  way,  particularly  where  the  side  of  ti  room  is  broken  up  with 
windows  that  are  not  centered. 


120 


B  U  X  G  A  L  O  W  S 


I  IP    '■::.>■  -!   In  :iij    „-t   back  so 
as  tu  leave  the   studding   frame  sliglilly  projecting 

It  will  help  the  appoaraiK-e  of  the  studdin.ii-  also  if  the  sill  that 
provides  a  support  for  the  window-frames  is  carried  entirely 
around  the  room  between  the  studs,  instead  of  just  under  the 
windows,  us  is  sometimes  done.  It  may  be  worth  while,  also,  to 
carry  the  two-by-four-inch  piece  that  forms  the  top  of  the 
window-frames  around  in  the  same  manner,  forminsi;  a  sort  of 
frieze.  If  the  studding  is  exposed,  do  not  have  it  planed;  it 
will  harmonize  much  better  with  the  rouirh  surface  of  the  out- 
side l)oardin;r  if  it  is  all()wc(l  to  icniaiii  uiilinislKMl.  llic  stain 
that  is  then  :i|i|ilicil  will  afTccl  the  fi-aincwork  ami  ihc  pant>ls 
alike. 

It  will  be  necessary,  however,  to  case  the  window-frames  and 
door-frames  in  the  interests  of  a  neat  and  orderly  a|)pearance 
for  the  interior.  This  has  l)een  very  well  done  in  the  living-room 
that  is  illustrated  at  the  top  of  the  precedinir  pa.iic  althou.u;h  the 
appearance  would  have  been  less  harsh  in  contrast  if  the  casing 


IXTKK lOH   FINISH 


121 


and  window-frames  had  been  stained  like  the  walls,  instead  of 
bein.ii  painted  white. 

\Miile  we  are  considering  this  jtarticular  ilhistralion  it  may 
he  well  to  call  attention  to  the  faet  that  the  windows  themselves 
are  casements,  hin<ied  to  open  out,  and  the  openini;s  are  further 
protected  hy  screens  that  aiv  hinjied  inside,  as  shown,  to  open  in. 
Without  any  intention  of  being  unduly  dogmatic  I  would  sug- 
gest that  windows  of  this  type  are  far  better  suited  to  the 
bungalow  than  the  common  double-hung  type. 

If  it  is  felt  that  the  appearance  of  the  interior,  where  the 
studding  and  outside  boarding  are  allowed  to  show  inside,  is 
too  barn-like  and  unfinished,  there  are  several  ways  in  which  the 
wall  may  be  treated  at  small  expense  to  remedy  this.  The 
simplest  of  all,  probalily,  is  the  tacking  of  bvu'lap  or  some  similar 


A  rustic  interior  finish  such  as  this  is   not  often   seen,  which  is   iiist  as  well,  perhaps, 

for  its  untidiness  is   hardly  offset  bv  intrinsic  beauty.     It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  carry  • 

rustic  work,  either  inside  or  out,  to  a  point  short  of  affectation 


122 


BT'XCAT.OWS 


wall  coveriiiji  in  the  panel  spaces  between  the  studs,  directly 
to  the  outsitle  Ixjardinji,  or  this  treatment  may  he  i^iven  the  wall 
above  the  sill  line,  securing;,  in  some  one  of  the  ways  to  be 
mentioned,  a  wainscoting  below. 

In  bedrooms  particularly,  theapiiearance  of  the  open  studdinji; 
is  usually  felt  to  be  inadequate.  Too  frequently,  however,  this 
difficultv  is  overcome  merclv  bv  nailintj;  common  beaded  ceiling 


Even  in  the   more   finished  type  of  home  a   high  wainscoting  of  rough 
boards,  battened,  may  be  used  to  excellent  effect,  as  in  this  enclosed  tile- 
paved  porch 

l)oar(ls  of  llircc-iiich  North  Carolina  i)ine  on  the  insitle  of  the 
studs.  Notliiiii:  could  be  more  commonplace  than  this.  It  is 
far  better,  if  tlic  ccilini;-  alone  is  insisted  upon,  to  use  the  six-inch 
width  of  boards,  with  the  edges  square-jointed  or  V-joiiitcd  in- 
stead of  Ix'adcd.  \n  illustration  on  i)age  81  shows  a  room  fin- 
i.shed  with  this  material,  although  in  this  case  the  ceiling  has  been 
put  between  the  studs  rather  than  upon  the  face  of  them.  The 
outsiileof  the  building  in  this  particular  instance  was  .^^hingled. 
In  another  illustration,  page  124,  taken  from  a  honu"  of  the 
more  enduring  tyjie,  a  high  wainscoting  has  been  made  of 
V-jointcd  cypress  boards,  alternating  .six-inch  widths  with  ten- 


INTERIOR  FINISH  123 

inch  widths,  run  vertically.  The  narrow  frieze  is  plastered. 
This  same  treatment,  however,  could  be  appUed  to  the  unplas- 
tered  bungalow  l)y  making  the  frieze  one  of  burlap,  for  instance. 
Instead  of  the  planed  ceiling  stock,  rough  boards,  battened, 
could  be  used — a  treatment  similar  to  that  suggested  for  the 
exterior.     In  addition  to  the  horizontal  or  vertical  lines  of  the 


The  walls  here  consist  merely  of  one-and-a-half-inch  planks,  finished  in- 
side with  a  batten  of  triangular  cross-section.     The  lighting  fixtures,  by 
the  way,  were  made  of  gas  pipe  by  the  plumber 

battens  themselves,  other  strips  of  the  batten  material  could 
be  put  in  at  right-angles,  opening  up  possibilities  of  various 
paneling  effects. 

Another  covering  for  the  studs  is  a  material  that  is  just  l)egin- 
ning  to  become  widel}-  known — plaster-lwai'd.  It  is  prepared  in 
sheets  tliirty-two  by  thirty-six  inches,  so  that  it  can  be  nailed, 
without  cutting,  directly  to  the  studs  where  these  are  spaced  six- 
teen or  eighteen  inches  on  centers.  Plaster-board  is  designed  to 
take  the  place  of  lath  and  plaster.  The  surface  resulting  is 
smooth  with  the  exception  of  the  joints,  which  may  be  filled  with 
plaster.     Over  this  surface,  which  is  not  beautiful  in  itself,  may 


124 


BUXC ALOWS 


A  high  wainscoting  of  cypress  in  wliich    ic-inch  and  ten-inch 

boards  are  used   alternately.     The  V-joint,  as  here,   is  always 

preferable  to  the  beaded  joint 


be  st  retched 
one  of  the  wall 
(•()\ci-iiii:s  of 
t  li  r  1)  II  r  1  a  p 
family.  The 
ro.sultuiii:  wall 
is  thoroughly 
ti-ht,  and  if 
the  1  milder  is 
willing  to  go  to 
the  additional 
expense  of  lill- 
ing  the  spaces 
l)etween  the 
studs  w  i  t  li 
mineral  wool 
or  sonic  other 
non-eoiuluet- 
ing  material  of 
lliat  kind,  a 
frame  struc- 
t  u  !•('  ma  y  t)C 
made  practi- 
cally as  warm 
in  winter  as  a 
brick  one. 


Rtill  another  interesting  possibilil\  in  llic  way  of  treating  the 
inner  side  of  the  studs  was  worked  out  l>y  .Mr.  Fesscr  in  luiilding 
his  studio  which  has  already  Ixcn  mentioned  in  connection 
with  slab  exterior  walls.  He  found  it  possible  to  ol)tain  from 
almost  any  of  the  wholesale  coffee-roasting  houses  Java  mats 
of  straw.  These  are  of  double  thickness,  ;ind,  when  the  bindings 
have  been  cut,  measure  about  twelve  feet  in  length  by  thirty 
inches  wide.  They  may  be  lacked  directly  on  the  studs  or  held 
in   |)lace  with  strips  of    moldiic,:.      Owitii:  to  (he  fact  that    the 


INTERIOR  FINISH 


125 


straw  used  is  botli  roiiiih  and  smooth,  the  stain  which  Mr. 
Fesser  apphed  dried  in  irregular  strips,  niakini;  a  very  interesting 
texture  which  he  further  eniheUished  with  stencils,  using  some 
of  the  symbols  employed  by  the  American  Indian  in  his  pottery 
and  basket-weaving. 

Another  treatment  of  the  interior,  which  is  particularly  in 
keeping  with  the  house  built  of  logs  or  slabs,  consists  in  nailing 
slabs  from  the  smaller  sticks  of  timber  between  floor  and 
wnndow-sill  line  to  form  a  wainscoting.  The  space  above  this 
might  be  finished  in  one  of  the  ways  suggested  above — covering 
it  with  burlap  or  plaster-board,  for  example. 


An  inside  finish  of  twelve-inch  boards  with  joints  covered  vertically  by  three-inch 

battens  and  with  the  addition  of  horizontal  members  dividing  the  wall  into  paneling. 

There  are  great  opportunities  for  individual  expression  in  this  method 


128 


B  U  X  G  A  L  O  yv  S 


The  schomo  followed  by  one  huiitialow  Iniilder  was  to  cover 
the  studs  with  rou-rh  hemlock  hoards  from  floor  to  plate,  and 
tluMi  to  ili\i(lc  the  wall  surfaces  uj)  iiUo  panels  liy  nailin.ii  strips 
of  hireh  tlireclly  to  the  l)oards.  The  latter  were  stained  before 
the  bireh  was  put  on. 

One  of  the  illustrations  herewith  i  pa,i;(>  125)  shows  the  dining- 
room  in  the  Hollander  bun,<;alow,  Misery  Island,  where  a  most 


In  the  living-room  of  the  Estabrook  bungalow,  looking  towards  the  dining- 
room  and  den.     The  form  of  the  ceiling  indicates  the  one-story  house 

effective  wall  surface  has  been  secured  by  coverini;-  the  studs 
with  twelve-inch  boards  of  a  distinct  ,<;rain,  such  as  .shush  oak  or 
express,  and  working  out  a  series  of  panels  by  battens  and 
cross  battens. 

One  of  the  most  ingenious  schemes,  however,  is  illustrated 
on  jiage  I'M,  where  a  corner  of  a  l)edroom  is  .shown.  Advan- 
tage has  l)een  taken  of  the  fact  that  panelful  stock  doors, 
of  Oregon  hr,  redwood  or  gum,  are  (ibi.iiunble  ;it  a  cost  very 
much  below  that  of  the  same  area  nf  buill-to-order  p.ineiing. 
A  number  of  lhe.se  doors  were  punliased  .md  used  jjoth  as 
interior  partitions  and  as  a  covering  fur  the  inside  of  the  main 


IXTERIOR  FINISH 


129 


walls.  They  are  very  easily  put  in  place,  the  joints  between 
them  being  covered  by  batten  strips  which  terminate  in  a  base- 
board. It  is,  of  course,  important  that  the  spacing  of  doors 
and  windows  Ije  arranged  in  advance  as  far  as  possible  so  that 
the  doors  will  not  have  to  be  sawed  in  half.  In  this  particular 
illustration  it  is  worth  noting  that  the  door  itself  has  been  made 
very  much  heavier  and  of  a  different  character,  so  that  it  would 


riifi  o,t  f,i,-  I'l'i;  ,  , ;  Lfster  S.  Moorr,  archilrcl 

The  white  enameled  wainscoting,  the  unusual  type  of  built-in  sideboard 

and  the  ceiling  give  a  suggestion,  in  a  very  subtle  way,  of  the  informal 

character  of  the  building 

not  lose  its  individuality  among  so  many  of  its  transformed 
fellows. 

Many  other  treatments  of  the  interior  wall  surface  will  suggest 
themselves.  The  main  thing  to  keep  in  mind  is  that  the 
material  used  should  be  in  keeping  with  the  informal  type  of  the 
building  itself,  and  that  it  should  not  attract  too  much  attention 
to  itself.  Ill  oilier  words,  a  satisfying  wall  covci-ini;-  for  the 
bungalow  shoukl  stand  the  same  test  that  a  decorator  once  gave 
as  a  suitable  one  for  wall  papers.  So  long  as  one  is  not  conscious 
of  a  wall  covering,  when  visiting  a  bungalow  for  the  first  time, 
it  is  in  good  taste. 


I  X  T  E  11 1  O  II  V  1  X  I  S  M 


131 


So  much  for  the  side  walls.  Where  there  is  no  flat  ceihng 
and  the  roof  rafters  themselves  are  exposed,  it  will  seldom  be 
found  advisable  to  cover  these  at  all.  If  the  roof  itself  is 
of  shingles  on  shingle-lath,  however,  the  inside  will  have  a 
rather  unsatisfactory  and  imfinishcd  appearance.  This  may  be 
improved  by  nailing  roof  boards  in  between  the  rafters,  close  up 
against  the  shingle-lath.  It  would  be  far  better,  of  course,  where 
the  under  side  of  the  roof  is  to  be  visible,  to  use  boarding  in  the 
first  place  on  top  of  the  rafters,  before  the  shingles  are  put  on,  as 
was  done  in  the  case  of  the  Hubon  camp  illustrated  on  page  136. 

Another  treatment  is  shown  in  the  illustration  of  the  Bandini 
bungalow  (p.  133).  Rough  Ijoards  have  been  nailed  across  the 
face  of  the  rafters,  with  the  joints  covered  l)y  battens. 

The  point  to  keep  in  mind,  then,  is  that  the  roof  itself  should 


hxlcrwr  on  P'^gts  lo6,  to';  filter  interiors  /.;?.  167  Cumminf:s  &  Howard,  architects 

One  of  the  most  ingenious  schemes  for  building  interior  partitions  or  wainscoting  is 

to  buy  stock  doors  of  Oregon  fir  or  redwood  and  batten  the  joints  when  they  are  set 

up  in  a  line 


132 


B  U  N  G  A  I.  O  W  S 


be  huilt  so  that  its  under  side  makes  an  attractive  coverinjr  for 
the  rooms  below  without  further  treatment. 

On  the  subject  of  floors  there  is  very  little  to  be  said.     One 


lie  flour  joists  uncovered  to  form 
ipported    on    these   floor   joists  as 


w.Miils  ;i  i^ood  door  wlicllicr  it  is  for  ;i  buiiunlow  or  for  a 
city  residence,  ;dthou.iih  it  is  of  course  uiinecess;iry  to  use 
malerinls  like  polished  o;ik,  paniuetry  or  hard  ma|)l(^  in  a 
temporary  summer  homtv  It  is  hard  to  improve  upon  comb- 
uraiii  (leorj^ia  pine  for  a  (lural)le  and  not  unpleasinji  floor  in 
any  room.  North  Carolina  j)ine  is  cheaper  but  is  more  liable  to 
sliver.  The  matter  of  floorini:,  however,  may  well  be  left  to  be 
governed  larj^ely  l>y  what  materials  ar(>  available  in  the  local 
markets.  Where  ijood  floorin.u;  is  not  readily  obtainable,  a 
way  out  of  the  difficulty  is  to  lay  linoleum  over  common  boards, 


IXTERIOR  FIXISII 


133 


with  a  generous  layer  of  newspapers  between  to  take  up  inequali- 
ties of  surface.  For  the  kitchen,  pantry,  service  closets  and 
such  places,  there  is  no  better  floor  covering  than  this. 


A  view  in  the  )ian(lini  liviug-room  looking  towards  the   dining-room.      It 

will  be  noticed  that  the  roof  rafters  are  covered  horizontally  with  wide 

boards,  battened,  as  in  the  side  walls 


7cll»  I'    ;;.-iji.'.i.  .irchlUcI 

In  Mr.  H.  P.  Benson's  bungalow  at  Danvers,  the  living-room  is  carried  up  to  the  roof, 

giving  a  splendid  chance  for  the  architectural  treatment  of  the  brick  fireplace,  gallery 

and  the  ingle  seats 


Chapter  IX 

The   Fireplace 


A  BUNGALOW  without  a  fireplace  would  be  almost  as 
much  of  an  anomaly  as  a  garden  without  flowers — and 
as  cheerless.  Perhaps  you  have  heard  of  the  man  whose 
definition  of  a  home  was,  "a  fireplace,  l)oxcd  in."  It  is  even 
more  fitting  as  applied  to  a  bungalow.  Even  though  the  bunga- 
low be  used  only  as  a  sunmier  home,  there  are  alwaj^s  a  great 
many  nights  when  a  fire  is  a  real  necessity.  And  many  a  time, 
when  it  is  not  that,  it  is  a  great  comfort,  particularly  when  a 
rainy  spell  drives  tis  indoors  for  a  time. 

The  living-room  is  the  place  for  it,  of  course,  but  if  the  addi- 
tional expense  be  permitted,  it  will  ])e  a  wise  thing  to  provide 
for  another  and  smaller  fireplace  in  the  dining-room  as  well. 
In  many  plans  it  will  be  found  that  two  chimneys  are  necessary, 
and  usually  the  one  serving  the  kitchen  may  be  given  an  extra 
flue  for  the  dining-room  fireplace.  Where  but  one  chimney  is 
planned,  the  living-room  and  kitchen  will  need  to  be  both 
adjacent  to  it. 

An  informal  type  of  fireplace  will  almost  always  be  in  keeping 
with  the  general  character  of  the  building  itself,  so  that  the 
chinmey  facing  of  ijrick  or  stone  will  need  little  or  no  eniljellish- 
ment  in  the  way  of  a  mantel  facing.  A  heavy  oak  sh(>lf,  sup- 
ported by  "  corbeling" — stepped-out  stones  or  brickwork,  will 
(13.5) 


13G 


B  U  X  G  A  L  O  W  S 


often  1)C  the  most  appropriate  treatment.  A  mimljcr  of  tlie 
ac('ompanyin<;  illustrations  show  this  type.  Occasionally  tlu' 
stonework  itself  is  made  to  form  the  .'^helf  over  the  opening,  or 
the  brickwork  is  l)uilt  out  in  the  same  way.  One  of  the  most 
effective  mantels  I  have  ever  seen  in  a  l)uni;aIow  consisted 
merely  of  an  old  railroad  tie,  support  eel  on   live  or  six  great 


Willuim  p.  Union,  archiu-ct 

Mr.  Hubon   has   made  a   more  effective  feature  of  his  stone  fireplace  by 
running  the  stairway  to  the  attic  up  around  its  front 


wrought-iron  s|)ikes  driven  into  tln'  (■cincnl  juint^  of  the  stone- 
work facing  Ix'fore  it  had  heconic  JKnd. 

Of  greater  importance  tlian  [\\v  outward  appearance,  however, 
is  the  construction  of  opening  and  flue.  Back  in  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  centuries  our  ancestors  built  their  wood  fires  on 
the  stone  floor  of  the  great  halls  atid  let  the  smoke  find  its  way 
out  as  best  it  might.  The  experience  of  many  a  new  liotuc- 
owner  to-day.  coaxing  along  the  first  fire  on  his  hearth,  prompts 
the  thouirht  that  we  might  suffer  less  from  the  smoke  if  we  did  it 
tliat  wa\   now. 


FIREPLACE 


137 


It  is  a  curious  thin<!;,  when  you  turn  it  over  in  your  mind,  that 
in  three  centuries  of  chinuiey  builcUnji  we  have  yet  to  learn,  as  a 
race,  how  to  construct  ;i  fireplace  aiul  flue  so  that  it  will  do  the 
work  expected  of  it.  There  are  fireplaces  that  dv  not  smoke, 
of  course,  but  they  work  in  spite  of  their  designers,  not  because 
of  them.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  make  a  fireplace  draw;  simply 
make  the  flue  large  enough  and  it  will  draw  not  only  the  fire  l)ut 
the  fire-tools  and  a  rug  or  two  for  good  measure.  That  is  the 
sort  our  Colonial  ancestors  built.  On  a  cold  night  they  blistered 
their  toes  before  the  mighty  blaze  and  developed  rheumatism 
and  influenza  through  the  mighty  wind  that  rushed  past  them  on 
its  wa\-  up  the  chim- 
ney. Xinety  per 
cent,  of  the  heat 
went  up  the  chim- 
ney— but  then 
cortlwood  was  to  be 
liad  for  the  cutting. 

One  of  the  main 
difficulties  in  fire- 
place building  in 
our  permanent 
homes — not  of  the 
bungalow  or  smn- 
mer  shack  type,  is 
our  universal  desire 
foi-  a  big  fireplace. 
I  have  yet  to  find 
the  inan-about-to- 
i)uild  who  does  not 
ask  at  once  for 
"  one  of  those  fine 
l)ig  fellows  —  the 
kind  that  burns 
whole  cord  wood." 
I    suppose  this  is 


The  chimiu  .     ;  ;    u^h    ;,  ,:i  .. ork  seems  in  many  ways 

to  be   more  appropriate  for  use  with  a  rough  wooden 

building  than  a  chimney  of  brick  or  cement 


138 


B  u  X  c;  A  T.  O  \\'  S 


based  on  the  assumption  that  if  a  small  fireplace  is  a  good 
thinjj:,  a  jjreat  liig  one  is  that  much  bettor.  Well,  it  is  not, 
so  far  as  the  permanent  home  is  concerned.  .\  bi,>f  fire- 
place is  too  powerful  a  ventilator  for  the  lionu^  living-room; 
it  needs  air — a  great  ciuantity  of  it.  .ind  llic  lire  will  draw  it 
into  the  room  through  every  crack  .iiid  cicx  ice  n(  doors  arid 
windows  to  feed  the  flames.  \\n\  llial  means  diaughts.  In 
your  winter  home  be  content  with  a  fireplace  about  three  feet 
in  wiilth  and  two  and  a  half  feet  high.  You  can  construct 
such  a  fireplace  along  scieiitificallv  correct    lines  so  that  it  will 

not  smoke.  .Moreover, 
you  will  get  the  maximum 
amount  of  heat  from  it 
into  the  room  instead  of 
up  the  chinmcy. 

For  the  liungalow  or 
siiiniiicr  shack,  however, 
the  inaiii  desideratum  is 
the  cliccr  of  a  roaring  fire 
—the  fascinating  crackle 
of  coidwood.  We  must 
have  a  big  fire,  even  if  it 
does  bring  draughts  and  a 
waste  of  wood.  .\fter 
looking  into  the  matter  of 
flues  and  openings,  and 
their  mutual  relat  ioiiship 
we  <-aii  take  iiji  in  detail 
this  matter  of  jiisl  how 
big  the  buni;aluw  lireplace 
should  be. 

There  are  two  great 
essentials  in  a  good  fire- 
place. ( )ne  is  the  relation 
between  the  opening  into 
the  room  and  the  Hue  area 


3c3)e   in   feel* 


The  whole  principle  of  the  scientifically  correct 

fireplace    is    shown    by   this    vertical    section 

through  the  center.    Down-draught  and  hot  air 

column   are  indicated  by  arrows 


FIREPLACE 


139 


— the  lattor  should  Ijc  one-tenth  of  the  former  area;  the 
other  is  what  is  called  the  "  smoke  chamber,"  a  part  that  corre- 
sponds to  the  dome  on  a  fire-enjjjine,  which  is  designed  to  take 
up  and  equalize  the  force  of  the  stream  that  is  pumped  inter- 
mittently through  it.  In  much  the  same  way  the  smoke  chamber 
takes  up  the  inecjualities  of  draujiht  and  down-drauiiht,  and  keeps 
the  smoke  jioinjj;  steadily  up  the  chimney.  A  lilance  at  the 
dia<:;n\in  will  make  this  clear.  The  brickwork  at  the  top  of  a 
fireplace,  just  above  the  opening!;,  is  drawn  forward  to  form  the 
"  throat ". — an  opening  into  the  smoke  chamber  three  or  four  inches 
deep  and  the  full 
width  of  the  fire- 
place openinji.  This 
throat  contains  a 
cast-iron  damper, 
with  a  hinged  lid  as 
shown.  The  nar- 
rowing of  the  nat- 
ural exit  passage 
for  the  smoke  and 
gases  causes  these 
latter  to  pass 
through  under  some 
pressure  and  there- 
fore with  a  distinct 
force.  When  the 
fire  is  first  lighted 
the  column  of  warm 
air  rises  at  the  front 
of  the  flue,  causing 
naturally  the  down- 
draught  of  the  cold 
air  at  the  back.  If 
the  way  were  open 
to  it  this  descend- 
ing   coliunn    would 


For  the  fireplace  built  entirely  of  stone,  heavier  walls 
will  of  course  be  necessary,  as  shown.  The  iron  throat 
damper  is  here  indicated  at  the  top  of  an  arched  opening 


140 


BUNGALOWS 


A  rather  unusual  type  where  very  rough  A  very  good  piece  of  arch  work  with  large 
stone  is  used  throughout  the  chimney  stones  and  raked-out  joints.  Notice  the 
breast,  and  the  mantel  is  omitted  entirely       shelf  of  a  half-log  supported  on  log  pins 


reach  tho  fire  on  the  hearth  and  force  the  smoke  and  ^ases  into 
the  room.  The  "  smoke  shelf"  prevents  this,  and  l)v  its  form 
swirls  the  cold  air  around  until  it  is  carried  into  the  palli  of  the 
rapidly  ascendin<^  warm  column  aiul  on  up  the  chiniiicy.  It  is 
the  simplest  and  most  loj^ical  thinj;;  in  the  world,  yet  if  you 
bhndly  entrust  the  buildinu;  of  your  fireplace  to  the  villa<ie 
mason  he  will  build  it  any  other  way  but  the  riiiht  one. 

^hmy  of  the  Colonists'  fireplaces  had  cavernous  smoke  cham- 
bers above  them,  and  there  was  usually  a  iloor  at  the  side  of  the 
chimney  breast  throujih  which  the  hams  aiul  bacon  went  to  hang 
in  the  smoke  until  cured.  When  this  function  of  the  chamber 
was  no  longer  employed  the  chamber  itself  gradually  disappeared 
and  the  fines  were  made  larger  and  larger  in  misguidcil  clTorts 
to  prevent  the  fireplace  from  smoking. 

Altlioii^li   llic  propoilioii  lictwecn  opeiiinii   and  fine  and    the 


FIREPLACE 


141 


construction  of  the  smoke  chamber  are  the  prime  essentials, 
there  are  other  minor  details  of  the  fireplace  that  must  be  pro- 
vided for  if  we  are  to  have  the  maximum  efficiency.  The  depth 
of  the  fire  chaml)er  should  be  one-half  the  width,  and  the  sides 
and  back  should  slope  so  as  to  reflect  the  heat  out  into  the  room. 
To  secure  the  proper  slope  for  the  sides,  make  the  width  of  the 
back  two-thirds  of  the  front,  letting  the  sides  first  run  straight 
back  for  the  width  of  a  brick  to  save  beveling  them  at  the  front 
edge.  Allow  the  back  to  rise  perpencUcularly  for  about  a  foot 
before  it  begins  to  slope  forward  towards  the  throat. 

A  fireplace  can  be  built  without  the  iron  damper,  but  its 
presence  is  a  guarantee  that  the  form  and  size  of  the  throat  will  be 
right.  Then,  too,  its  front  ledge  supports  the  flat-arch  brick  of 
the  front  which  without  it  would  rec^uire  an  iron  angle-bar. 

See  that  the  opening  into  the  flue  proper,  which  latter  is  best 
lined  with  terra-cotta  forms  made  for  the  purpose,  is  over  the 


It  is  easier  to  construct  a  fireplace  of  brick  throughout,  and  usually  more  pleasing 
where  the  room  is  small — a  stone  fireplace  shows  to  best  advantage  in  a  very  large  room 


142 


BUNGALOWS 


P':i:  :•>;  '■■:;■  --  (Xr    ,-)  Syhimiis  Mtlrslcn,  architrcl 

One  of  the  living-rooms  in  the  St.  Francis  Court  hungalow  community  shows  an  odd 

form  of  fireplace.     There  is  a  narrow  window  through  the  brickwork  at  the  left  of 

the  arch  opening 

center  of  the  fireplace,  in  ordtu-  to  insure  ecjual  draught  through- 
out the  fire  chaml)er.  From  this  central  point  the  flue  may 
swerve  to  either  side  to  take  its  place  beside  another  flue  in  the 
same  chimney.  It  is  by  no  means  essential  that  it  rise  verti- 
cally throughout  its  extent,  but  the  inside  surface  of  the  flue 
must  be  smooth  and  unobstructed. 

Let  the  brick  heart li  extend  .sixteen  or  eighteen  inches  beyond 
the  opening — the  t)rick\v()rk  pattern  is  a  matter  of  taste.  It  is 
supported  on  a  "  trimmer  arch"  or  "  rnwldck  aicli,"  as  shown  in 
the  diagram,  spruni::  between  a  pair  of  floni'  joists  .■nid  llie  chini- 
nev  foundation.  See  to  it  thai  no  wooden  limbers  i-nn  throuLrli 
the  brick  masomy  under  the  hearth  or  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
fire  chamber.     The  heat  will  eventually  set  these  on  fire. 

The  chimney  itself  should  run  a  foot  or  so  above  any  nearby 
ridge,  and  it  shoul<l  work  without  any  cowl,  whirhgig  or  other 
tin  toy  on  the  top. 


FIRE  P  L  A  C  E 


143 


Bricks  for  liiiiiitj:  the  firo  cliainber,  hearth  and  smoke  chamber 
should  l)e  liarddxirnod  and  laid  in  the  best  cement  mortar. 
Ordinary  lime  mortar  will  not  stand  the  heat  of  these  exposed 
locations. 

Throughout  the  discussion  of  a  fireplace's  essentials  in  con- 
struction the  assumption  has  been  that  brick  would  be  used. 
This  is  by  no  means  necessar\',  thouijh  it  is  easier,  perhaps,  and 
therefore  cheaper.  .\  fii-eplace  and  chinmey  of  stone,  however, 
is  frecjuently  more  in  harmon}-  with  (he  rough  logs  or  unfinished 
timbers  of  the  informal  bungalow.  Or,  it  may  seem  desirable 
to  l)uild  of  cement.  In  that  case  wooden  forms  will  have  to  be 
built  for  the  full  height  of  the  chimnev.     And  as  cement  or 


I-:xlrriors    y  ,  .  .  .;..r  ,.:/,r:   .  Cummini^s  &  lioxvard.  iirch.tlccls 

The  interior  of  the  hollow-tile  bungalow  shows  a  consistent  use  of  the  tile  throughout, 

including  the  chimney.     The  rafters  of  rough  half-logs  are  interesting 


144 


Buxr;  ALOWS 


concrete  is  not  particularly  iinj)r()vecl  by  close  contact  with  fire, 
it  may  he  well  to  make  the  oponinji  sufficiently  larjier  than  is 
desired,  and  then  line  it  witli  firel)rick.  The  chimney  proper,  in 
that  case,  may  be  lined  with  terra-cotta  flue-lininiz;. 

The  use  of  decorative  tiles  in  conjunction  with  a  fireplace 
facing  of  cement  offers  most  interesting:;  possibihties,  l)ut  the 
difficulties  entering  into  desiijjninii;  the  details  of  such  a  feature 
are  not  to  be  lightly  undcM'takcn  by  the  amateur;  they  should 
l)e  left  to  the  skilled  architect. 

The  diaii'ram  on  paiie  139  is  intended  to  show  the  construc- 
tion of  a  stone  fireplace  having;'  an  opening-  five  feet  wide  and 
about  three  and  a  half  feet  high,  to  the  top  of  the  arch.  For 
this  size  opening,  in  accordance  with  our  rule,  the  flue  shoukl 
be  tweh'e  by  eighteen  inches.  .\n  adjustable  throat-damiHT 
will  be  worth  far  more  than  it  actuallv  costs,  here  as  in  tlie  l)rick 


Occasionally  the  location  of  the  fireplace  gives  an  opportunity  for  the  working  out  of 

an  interesting  architectural  feature  in  combination  with  built-in   bookcases.     In  the 

very  informal  structure  the  simplest  sort  of  shelving  will  harmonize  nicely  Books 

always  seem  more  at  home  near  a  fireplace 


FIREPLACE 


143 


Exteriors  O"  paf^ci  'U::.-:r,,nchili\-ls 

In  the  Childs  Caiiinmui   Iimih,-   ilu-   iriost-a  nit-phKc  is  i.iccil  with  liMckset  on  edge 

instead  of  on  their  sides,  as  cirdinarily  foiiiul.     Usually  a  Hat  arch  will  be  found  more 

attractive  over  the  opening,  instead  of  supporting  a  regular  course  of  bricks  or  an  iron 

bar  as  here.     The  heavy  shelf  of  a  redwood  beam  is  supported  by  corbeling 


chiuiuey,  iu  securing  a  proper  coiifonnatiou  of  the  opening  into 
the  smoke  chamber. 

This  fireplace  is  as  large  as  would  l)c  desirable  in  any  ])ut  the 
most  exceptional  circumstances;  a  smaller  one  will  be  advisable 
if  the  living-room  itself  is,  let  us  say,  less  than  eighteen  by 
twenty-five  feet. 

Do  not  make  the  mistake  of  having  an  ash-drop  in  the  hearth, 
nor  take  out  the  ashes  at  all  until  the  accumulation  leaves  no 
space  for  fresh  logs.  The  presence  of  a  glowing  mass  of  embers 
under  and  back  of  the  blaze  is  one  of  the  wood  fire's  greatest 
charms.  Bun*  the  uncf)nsunied  wood  each  night  under  the 
ashes  and  it  will  funiisii  the  liest  kind  of  a  starter  to  light  the 
next  evening's  fire. 

But  what  of  the  fireplace  that  is  already  built  and  is  never 
used  because  of  its  misbehavior?  There  is  at  least  a  good  chance 
that  it  can  be  remedied.     The  fireplace  expert  represents  a  new 


146 


BUNGALOWS 


The   facing  of  dark  red   haiid-maiie   lile   has   been  applied  over  the  facing  of  rough 

brickwork.     The  best  way  to  get  and  keep  these  tiles  most  attractive  's  to  rub  them 

occasionally  with  linseed  oil 

profession  tliat  thrivos  on  the  follies  and  iiiiioranco  of  past   and 
present    l)uild(M-s.       Here,   liowcvor.   is    soiiiothiiii:   to   try   first. 

Many  firojflaces  smoke  for 
tlie  reason  that  the  flue  is 
too  small  for  the  opening. 
You  cannot  increase  the 
.size  of  the  former  hut  you 
can  easily  decrease  the 
latter.  Take  a  {)air  of 
tiiin  hoards,  six  inches 
wide  and  cut  to  fit  snuiily 
into  the  openiiiu;  alonj;  its 
top.  Wedire  one  in  at  the 
top,  liirht  a  fire,  and  draw 

There   is  an   opportunity  for  yourself  or  your  the  other  1  loard  (lowil  over 

blacksmith   in   hammering  out  a  rough  pair  of  •  •   ,  r    4I  r       <• 

andirons  for  the  bungalow  fireplace  'lie     OUtsi(l(^     ot     the    tirst 


FIREPLACE 


147 


until  the  opening;  is  reduced  sufficiently  in  area  so  that  its  flue 
can  take  care  of  the  smoke.  Perhaps  you  will  not  need  even  the 
six  inches  reduction.  When  the  working  combination  is  found, 
have  rt  copper  or  sheet-iron  curtain  made  to  replace  the  boards. 
Still  another  common   fault  is  a   throat   that  is   too   wide. 


The  amateur  craftsman  will  have  abundant  opportunity  about  the 

fireplace  as  well  as  elsewhere  for  giving  those  individual  touches 

that  lend  distinction 

Remedy  it  by  la^'ing  across  the  top  of  (he  throat  opening  an  iron 
plate  that  can  be  pulled  back  and  foiih,  until  the  throat  is  the 
proper  size;  ordinarily  it  should  be  three  or  four  inches. 

The  subject  of  fire-tools  is  deserving  of  at  least  a  few  words. 
With  a  rugged  stone  fireplace  you  would  naturally  avoid  an 
equipment  of  polished  brass.  With  a  coment-and-tile  treatment 
the  brass  tools  would  be  better,  hut  licic  and  with  a  stone  fire- 
place wTought  iron  is  decidcdl\-  the  most  iiannonious  material 
for  tools  and  andirons. 


Chapter  X 

F  u  r}i  1 1  u  re  and    Fur  /i  is  h  in  g-s 


T\U]  siuninor  liomr  or  l)Uii.iial()\v  is  usually  very  much 
al)usc(l  ill  liic  matter  of  its  furnishiuii:.  Too  often  it  is 
filled  with  all  the  left-over  chairs,  Ijroken-down  coiiehes 
and  disfiiiu red  tables  that  will  no  longer  be  tolerated  in  the^xer- 
manent  home. 

Good  furniture  is  never  really  cheap,  but  it  is  surprisinji  how- 
far  a  small  amount  of  money  will  lio  in  equippinsi;  the  bungalow 
with  diairs  and  tables,  provided  only  that  we  are  willing  to  use 
material  of  the  less  expensive  sort.  \\'hile  nothinji  seems  so 
thoroujihl}-  at  home  in  the  bungalow  living-room  as  the  sturdy 
craftsman  furniture  of  Ijrown  oak,  it  is  possible  to  fill  out  an 
equi{)ment  of  this  type  with  other  chairs  that  cost  less. 

For  instance,  there  is  willow,  wicker,  reed,  woven  grass,  rattan, 
etc. — a  whole  family  of  furniture  materials  that  is  now  to  be 
found  in  (|uiet  and  comfortable  designs.  Then,  too,  there  is  an 
opportunity  (hat  is  far  too  infrequently  seized,  in  buying  un- 
finished kitchen  furniture  in  pine — that  is,  without  paint  or 
\arnish  -and  staining  or  painting  this  to  carry  out  some  partic- 
ular scheme  of  decoration.  You  will  find  it  possible,  frequently, 
to  secure  a  sturdy  type  of  kitchen  chair  without  frills  of  any  kind, 
i)Ul  well  filled  Id  its  work,  which,  with  a  coat  of  brown  or  green 
stain,   or    a    few    coats  of  white  paint  and  enamel,  will   be   a 

(149) 


150 


BUNGALOWS 


There  are   ^ic<ii   jio^.^iijiUties  in  the  use  of  a  device  througliuui   ihc  lunu^luu^  jnd 

decoration,  such  as  the  pine  tree  that  appears  here  on  the  backs  of  the  chairs  and  on 

the  sideboard  door  panels 


This  summer    home  was  furnished  with 

pioneer  furniture  one   hundred  and  fifty 

years  old 


revelation.  Some  of  these 
chairs  are  made  with  a  fairly 
wide  to])  cross-piece  at  the 
li.ick.  A\'h;it  cduld  be  more 
(ifccti\('  in  the  diniiiii-room 
ili.iii  a  set  of  these  painted  a 
iiiilit  ureen,  with  a  stenciled 
emblem  conventionalized 
marijiold,  irolden-rod  or  some- 
thinj;  of  that  sort,  stenciled  in 
orange  on  these  wide  liaek 
pieces?  Or,  for  a  bedroom, 
several  such  diaiis  in  while 
enamel,  aiiain  stenciled  with 
the  chosen  device,  in  green  and 


FURNISHING 


151 


orange,  would  he  enii- 
neutly  aj)propriate  and 
effective. 

It  is  surprising  that 
many  more  people  do  not 
seize  upon  this  same 
scheme  of  using  a  signifi- 
cant device  throughout 
the  interior  decoration  of 
the  bungalow.  It  has 
been  employed  in  several 
n()tal)le  homes,  always  to 
the  delight  of  owner  and 
visitor  alike,  but  its  possibilities  have  scarcely  been  opened  up. 
In    addition  to  its  employment  on  furniture,  small  cupboard 


A   massive   bed   of  smcidth  cc<iai    iliai    lias   been 
rubbed  to  a  satin  tinish 


LxUTWrs  on  f-a/^cs  ^r.  i^-U  ^^5;  interior  page  14^  George  A.  Clark  &  L.  du  P.  Miliar,  architects 

The  dining-room  of  the   Childs  ranch  house   is  furnished   in  oak  furniture  that  has 

apparently  been  designed  especially  for  its   location.     The  built-in   china-closets  and 

drawers  for  linen  are  added  at  little  expense  before  the  builders  leave 


FURNISHING 


153 


Exteriors  ini  puc.-s  n.    jy.  O-l.  'ok  lir  D-ivis.  M  •/■  :    :  r.rn.irj    urchitcrls 

interiors  on  ftiKfx  tiS,  J4S  1  ^o.  i  ^:• 

For  the  porch  furniture  hickory  makes  a  durable  and  effect  sort.     Rugs  for  outdoors 
may  be  in  the  more  brilliant  colorings 


doors,  the  backs  of  built-in  seals  and  such  places  on  the  wood- 
work, it  may  be  repeated  in  the  hangings,  the  rugs,  the  sofa- 
pillows  and  in  simple  cut-out  form  on  wrought-iron  hinges,  lock 
escutcheons,  lighting  fixtures  and  many  other  appropriate  places 
of  that  kind. 

Another  type  of  furnitur(>  that  has  especial  fitness  for  the 
bungalow  is  the  sort  that  is  made  of  hickory — the  young  saplings 
themselves  forming  the  framework,  the  seats  and  backs  being 
woven  from  strips  of  the  tough  inside  l)ark.  How  infinitely 
better  this  furniture  is  than  the  happily  disappearing  rustic 
sorts  of  the  past  generation,  may  be  judged  from  the  illustration 
of  the  former  on  this  page.  .\nd  its  advantages  are  found  on 
the  side  of  comfort  and  dural)ility  as  well  as  on  the  score  of 
appearances. 

It  is  possil)le,  and  not  only  that  but  most  appropriate,  to  build 
in  as  permanent  fixtures  many  of  those  things  that  are  ordinarily 


BUNGALOWS 


Porch  furniture  of  the  willow   or  wicker  type  is  also  pleasiriK.  and  may  be  stained  to 

carry  out  any  color  scheme.     The   Gloucester  hammock  at  the  end  of  the  porch  is  a 

modern  and  welcome  innovation 


portable,  such  as  the  sidehoanl,  bookcases  and  seats.  It  will 
frequently  l)e  found  far  cheaper  to  have  the  carpenter  build 
some  of  these  things  and  also  a  few  tables,  while  he  is  at  work  on 
the  buildinij,  than  to  buy  them  and  pay  the  freight  from  a 
distance.  It  is  surprising  what  results  can  l)e  gotten  out  of 
some  good  oak,  a  few  tools,  some  alcohol  stain  and  wax.  ICven 
the  merest  novice  can  add  not  only  useful  but  appropriate 
pieces  of  furniture  to  the  bungalow's  equipment  if  he  is  so  dis- 
j)()sed.  The  iiiau  who  once  makes  a  start  in  honu^  craftsman- 
ship, particularly  along  the  line  of  carpentry,  will  probably 
never  stop.  There  is  a  real  joy  in  the  smell  of  the  newly  cut 
wood  and  its  gradual  transforni.it ion  inider  the  tools,  th.if  never 
palls. 

The  addition  merely  of  a  few  shelves  between  the  studs,  with 
perhaps  a  hinged  lid  to  make  of  thes{>  ;i  desk,  is  such  an  easy 
matter  and  at  the  same  time  such  an  aid  in  furnishing — a  drop- 
leaf  table  against  a  side  wall  of  I  lie  living-room,  a  broad  .shelf  to 
serve  as  a  drcssing-taljle  in  a  bedroom,  book-shelves  above  or 


F  U  K  X  I  S  H  I  X  G 


155 


back  of  the  inglenook  seats,  a  hiniied  lid  in  ono  of  these  same 
seats  affording'  a  phice  for  firewood. 

Floor  coverings  need  not  Ijother  us  very  nuich.  Cool  mattings 
are  always  acceptable,  in  the  liedroonis  particidarly,  and  they 
are  to  l)e  found  on  the  market  each  year  in  an  increasingly  large 
nunilter  of  new  materials,  new  weaves,  and  better  design  through- 
out. Among  the  less  expensive  domestic  rugs,  it  is  perhaps 
unn('ces.sarv  to  urge  the  selection  of  solid  colors  and  two-toned 
designs  in  preference  to  the  designs  in  greater  elaboration  and 
fu.ssine.ss.  The  carpet  pr()bal)ly  will  never  find  a  place  in  the 
bungalow. 

I  have  felt  it  necessary  to  speak  a  word  of  warning  against 
the  disfigurement  of  the  summer  home  with  cast-off  furniture. 
I  must  utter  the  same  warning  in  connection  with  bric-a-brac 
and  so-called  ornaments.     If  there  is  one  place  more  than  another 


A  rug  of  woven  grass  or  some  similiar  material  is  a  very  welcome  and  durable  addi- 
tion to  the  porch  furnishing;  and   have  a  table,  by  all  means,  a  magazine-rack  and 
chairs  that  are  really  "easy" 


loG 


BUNGALOWS 


The  low  seat  at  the  top  of  the   porch  steps  is  an  ingenious  piece  of  porch  furniture 
that  is  well  worthy  of  emulation 

where  hni;ht,-colorcd  or  wliite-and-iiold  vases  or  jiilt  clocks  and 
such  thiiifis  are  unfitting,  it  is  in  the  liungalovv  Uving-rooni. 
Thei'c  will  always  be  needed  plenty  of  <iood  pottery  to  serve  as 
fliiwcr  receptacles,  a  few  brass  bowls  for  the  same  purpose,  and 
very  few  pictures.  There  will  naturally  accunuilate  a  (|unntity 
of  other  knick-knacks  which  we  can  only  hope  will  be  inoffensiNe. 
The  point  is  that  the  buniialow,  whether  it  be  in  the  livinii-rooni, 
bedroom,  diniiiLi-niom  nr  kitchen,  cries  out  for  the  simplest 
possible  I  real  ineiit  in  (iriia mentation. 

And  do  not  nciilect  the  porch  in  your  furnishiiii;-.  More  and 
more  this  important  part  of  the  home  is  comin.ir  to  b(>  treated  as 
a  room  I'atlier  than  as  a  front  step.  Its  charactei'  will  demand 
a  certain  inl'orinality.  even  more  |)ronounce(l  tli;in  that  which 
governs  the  furniture  of  the  intei'ior.  I'loor  co\-crinii-  it  must 
have,  as  well  as  furniture,  .and  surely  a  mimber  of  pott(>d  pL-nits 
or  window-boxes  set  around  on  the  porch  rail. 

I-'or  the  porch  a  domestic  rug  of  coarse  but  substantial  weave 
wcjuld  do  nicely,  or  one  of  the  type  that   is  woven  from  grass 


FURNISHING  157 

would  be  eminently  serviceable — Orientals  are  never  ovit  of 
place,  but  the  tracking  in  of  dust  and  mud  upon  them  is  not 
particularly  conducive  to  their  usually  long  life. 

Furniture  of  the  willow  or  wicker  t}-pe,  or  of  hickory  an  men- 
tioned al)ove,  always  looks  well  on  the  porch,  provided  the 
design  itself  is  good,  and  happily  the  monstrosities  in  woven 
furniture  are  becoming  less  common  every  year.  Stain  it  as  you 
like,  pi'cfcrnbly  to  iii;itcii  the  color  of  outside  woodwork  rather 
than  in  contrast  with  it. 

Have  at  least  one  table  on  tlie  porch,  and  more  if  the  size  will 
permit  -bearing  a  few  good  books,  the  current  magazines  and 
cut  flowers  from  the  garden.  And  do  not  make  the  mistake  of 
having  the  chairs  all  stiff  and  straight.  The  bungalow  porch  is 
just  as  much  a  place  for  the  genuinely  easy  chair  as  the  living- 
room  or  dcii.  A  s(>tll(>  or  two.  with  cushions  that  one  does  not 
have  to  handl(>  tenderly,  will  complete  the  ecpiipiuent. 


Chapter  XI 

/>  i  (^  h  t  i  n  o-   Sy  s  t  e  in  s 


IF  the  bungalow  is  to  Ijc  used  as  an  all-yoar-roinul  home  the 
probabihties  arc  that  it  will  be  located  near  enough  to  a 
service  main  of  electricity  or  gas  to  draw  therefrom  its 
supply  of  light  without  further  thought.  When,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  building  is  isolated,  even  though  it  is  intended  to  be 
occupied  only  during  the  lighter  months,  some  special  provision 
must  be  mtide  for  the  lighting. 

For  the  small  shack  in  the  woods,  used  merely  for  vacations 
and  week-end  visits,  it  may  be  thought  advisable  to  put  up  with 
the  inconvenience  of  oil  lamps.  Or,  if  the  bungalow  happens 
to  be  located  on  Long  Island,  there  is  a  more  satisfactory  source 
of  illumination  in  a  gas  that  is  sold  in  portable  tanks.  Com- 
pressed to  the  extent  of  liquefaction,  it  becomes  readily  portable 
in  its  special  receptacles,  which  are  connected  up  to  a  piping 
system  as  for  ordinary  illuminating  gas. 

\Miere  the  former  of  these  possibilities  is  not  acceptable,  and 
the  latter  not  available,  recourse  for  lighting  must  be  had  to 
one  of  several  thoroughly  practical  systems  whereby  an  inde- 
pendent lighting  plant  is  provided. 

In  selecting  a  system  there  are  several  important  considera- 
tions to  be  kept  in  mind.  In  the  first  place,  the  cost  of  installa- 
tion must  not  be  given  too  much  weight.     The  initial  cost  of 


(150) 


160  BUNGALOWS 

in.stallint;;  a  thorouuhly  roliahlo  <z;cMierat()r  will  be  distrilnited  over 
many  years,  and  if  one  makes  his  selection  solely  for  the  reason 
that  a  plant  is  cheap  he  may  be  disappointed  in  a  very  short  time 
to  discover  that  it  must  be  torn  out  to  make  way  for  a  new  one. 

The  cost  of  maintenance,  of  course,  includes  the  fuel  that  is 
used,  the  repairs  to  machinery,  and  the  labor  involved  in  caring 
for  the  plant.  With  the  use  of  electricity,  also,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  the  lamps  will  have  to  l)e  l)ou.!iht  from  time 
to  time — a  comparatively  small  item. 

In  a  case  of  a  bungalow  where  not  only  a  ligliting  prol)lem 
must  be  solved  but  an  adequate  supply  of  water  must  be  pro- 
vided for  daily  use,  it  would  probaMy  be  well  to  install  electricity, 
for  the  reason  that  the  same  en,<;ine  used  for  producing  current 
through  the  dynamo  coul.l  be  coupled  up  to  a  pump  for  a  part 
of  the  day  and  both  of  these  problems  solved  more  economically 
in  that  way. 

AcETYi>EXE  Gar 

Acetylene  gas  is  coming  to  lie  more  widely  and  favorably 
known  through  its  use  in  automol)ile  head-lights  as  well  as  for 
lighting  the  isolated  country  home.  It  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  whitest  illuminant  in  general  use,  more  nearly  approxi- 
mating sunlight.  The  gas  is  made  from  calcium  carbide,  a  prod- 
uct resembling  cru.shed  granite  in  appearance  and  made  by 
melting  together  in  an  electric  furnace  ordinary  lime  and  coke. 
Until  brought  into  contact  with  water  the  carbide  is  non-com- 
bustil)le  and  actionless. 

\n  acetylene  generator  takes  the  place  of  the  ordinary  gas 
nietcr  that  would  be  had  in  districts  supplied  with  connnon 
illuminating  gas  through  street  mains.  In  this  generator  the 
carbide  and  the  water  are  brought  into  contact  to  j)roduce 
acetylene  gas.  In  some  forms  the  carbide  is  dropped  into  the 
water,  in  others  the  water  drips  upon  a  pile  of  carbide,  but  in  all 
types  there  are  three  parts  to  the  generator — the  carbide  recep- 
tacle, the  water  tank  and  the  gas  tank.  And  in  each  type 
there  is  an  automatic  device  for  bringing  the  carbide  and  the 


LIGHTING    SYSTEMS  161 

water  together  just  fast  enou,si;h  to  make  the  needed  amount  of 
gas. 

From  the  generator,  which  is  usually  set  in  the  cellar  if  there 
is  one,  or  in  a  small  outl:)uilding  if  there  is  not,  wrought-iron 
pipes  lead  the  gas  to  the  various  rooms,  and  the  gas  is  delivered 
through  a  special  form  of  burner  which  consumes  about  one-half 
cubic  foot  per  hour — about  one-tenth  the  amount  burned  at 
a  common  illuminating  gas  outlet. 

Calcium  carbide  costs,  dehvered,  al)out  $4  per  100  Ihs.,  and 
this  amount  should  make  from  400  to  500  cubic  feet  of  gas.  A 
generator  of  reliable  make,  with  piping,  brass  fixtures,  globes 
and  burners  for  35  lights,  costs  from  $200  up,  and  the  cost  of 
producing  a  24-candlepower  light — the  equivalent  of  one  and  a 
half  ordinary  16-candlepower  electric  lamps — is  al)out  four- 
tenths  of  a  cent  per  hour.  West  of  the  Rocky  ^Mountains  the 
increased  freight  charges  on  the  carbide  bring  the  cost  up  about 
25  per  cent. 

Electricity 

There  is  no  doui)t  that  electricity  has  a  strong  hold  upon 
popular  favor  for  ligliting  purposes.  Where  a  public  service 
supply  is  not  obtainable  a  plant  may  be  installed  in  the  cellar 
or  an  outhouse.  It  consists  of  a  dynamo,  a  switchboard  and 
some  form  of  engine  to  run  the  former. 

A  combination  consisting  of  dynamo,  gasoline  engine,  switch- 
l)oard  and  all  equipment  except  wiring  and  installation,  costs, 
iti  the  five-horsepower  size,  about  $850;  a  ten-horsepower  plant 
about  $1100;  and  a  20-horsepower  plant  about  $1750.  A  ten- 
horsepower  plant  will  operate  100  lights,  and  for  (>very  horse- 
I)ower  added,  ten  more  16-candlepower  lamps  can  be  lighted. 

losing  what  is  known  as  6S-degree  gasoline,  which  is  even 
better  for  the  purpose  than  a  more  refined  grade,  and  which 
costs  from  eight  to  ten  cents  a  gallon  in  barr(>ls,  the  cost  per 
16-candlepower  hght  pen-  hour  is  about  one-tenth  of  a  cent. 
This  means  that  every  seven  to  ten  old-style  carbon  incan- 
descent lamps  can  be  operated  for  an  hour  for  one  cent,  or  it 


102  B  UN  (I  A  LOWS 

means  that  an  individual  power  plant  operatinij;  one  hundred 
Ki-candlepower  hghts  costs  ten  cents  an  hour  (fiiiurini;  the 
gasoHne  at  eijjht  cents  per  iialloni.  It  is  rlninicd  that  the 
Tunjisten  lamp,  which  is  rapidly  replacinii  tlic  old-style  caihon 
incandescent  lamp,  is  about  fort>-  per  vvn\.  cheaper  in  optM-ation. 

One  advantaije  of  the  electric  e<iuipnient  run  1)\-  a  Li;as  or 
<;asohne  enj;ine  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  eniiinc  can  he  uncoupled 
from  the  dynamo  antl  used  for  pumpinii-  water.  The  (ive-horse- 
power  en}:;ine  will  pump  3()()()  liallons  200  feet  in  height  at  a  cost 
of  five  cents  per  hour. 

By  instalUnji-  storage  batteries  the  engine  can  b(>  luii  for  as 
long  as  needed  to  charge  these  for  a  day's  supply  of  current. 
then  shut  down. 

For  small  bungalows  there  are  on  tlie  market  el(>ct  ric  generator 
plants  as  low  as  two-horsepower,  with  switchboard;  storage 
batteries  (with  a  capacity  of  l)urning  eight  Kl-candlepower 
Tungsten  lamps  -27  volts —for  eiglil  liours.  or  eleven  lamps 
for  five  hours);  fifteen  Tungsten  lamps,  wire  and  Hxtures  for  a 
building  of,  say,  40x40  ft.  in  size,  all  at  a  luni})  sum  of  S.'ioO. 
With  or(liiini\-  use  this  system  would  need  recharging  by  rumiing 
its  engine  and  dynamo  but  once  a  week  through  the  sumnuu- 
months.     A  similar  plant  of  doul)le  the  capacity  costs  $425. 

G.VSOLIXK    \'.VI'()ll 

Perhaps  you  have  been  accustomed  to  using  ordinary  illumi- 
natintr  gas  in  a  city  home  and  would  prefer  to  continu(>  to  use 
a  similar  illuminant,  even  tliough  th(>re  are  no  public  service 
mains  available  near  your  l)ungalow.  Tlie  solution  of  your 
problem  is  to  install  a  miniature  gas  plant  in  \()ur  cellai-.  Such 
a  j)lant  consists  of  an  air-pump  actuated  by  water  pressure, 
a  tank  for  the  storage  of  air  under  a  fi\e(!  pressure,  a  supply 
tank  of  gasohne  located  underground  at  a  distance  from  the 
house,  and  a  carbureter  in  which  the  air  is  forced  through  an 
absorbent  material  holding  gasoline,  vaporizing  the  l.itlcr  ;ind 
carrving  it  into  the  pipe  system  to  be  burned  at  the  regular 
f^as   outlets.       The    gas   is  generated    only   as   it    is   retjuired, 


LlCiini  \fJ  SYSTEMS  163 

automatically,  and  as  soon  as  tlie  fixtures  are  turned  off  the 
surplus  gasoline  runs  back  into  the  supply  tank  underground. 

It  is  claimed  that  with  this  vaporized  gasoline  system  of 
Ughting,  a  flame  of  25-candlepower  can  be  kept  burning  forty 
hours  at  a  cost  of  five  cents.  A  house  containing  from  ten  to 
fifteen  rooms  would  require,  say,  twenty-five  lights,  which 
could  l)e  adequately  supplied  by  a  plant  costing  about  $200 
to  install. 


Chapter  XII 

Water    Supply 


THE  relative  position  of  this  chapter  among  its  fellows  in 
the  book  is  in  no  sense  an  indication  of  the  relative  im- 
portance of  the  subject-matter  contained  herein.  If 
that  were  the  test  wo  should  put  Water  Supj)ly  first,  for  where 
there  is  not  an  unfailing  supply  of  good  water  there  can  be  no 
bungalow. 

If  your  bungalow  site  is  not  near  enough  to  a  city  or  town 
water-main  to  tap  it,  there  are  three  other  ways  of  securing  your 
supply.  If  there  is  a  l)rook  nearby  but  below  you,  the  source  and 
previous  course  of  which  is  al)ove  suspicion,  you  can  insert  a 
water-ram  in  the  current  and  have  it  pump,  automatically,  a 
supply  into  a  tank,  using  the  power  in  the  flow  of  a  large  quan- 
tity of  water  to  hft  a  comparatively  small  {Xjrtion  of  it. 

Or,  you  may  dig  a  well,  forcing  a  4-inch  or  (J-inch  pipe  into  the 
ground  by  an  apparatus  resembling  pile-driving  machinery.  A 
plunger  takes  out  the  sand,  gravel  or  mud  as  the  pipe  goes  deeper 
and  deeper  into  the  earth.  Of  course  it  is  impo.ssible  to  foretell 
the  depth  at  which  water  will  be  found,  or  whether  the  expense  of 
well-digging  may  not  turn  out  to  be  greater  than  the  cost  of  the 
site  itself.  A  fairly  definite  assurance  of  success  or  failure  may 
be  had  in  the  results  of  other  well-digging  in  the  neighborhood. 
Even  that  is  not  a  dependable  basis  for  close  estimating,  for  the 

(1G4) 


WATER  SUPPLY 


105 


The  windmill  is  usuall ,  y^-..^ ,.  uver  as  a  possibility  for  water  supply  un  accuiint  of  its 

unsigbtliness.     In  this  example,  however,  the  designer    has    incorporated    it  rather 

ingeniously  with  the  design  of  the  whole  building 


watcr-boariufi"  stratum  may  not  he  horizontal.  For  this  reason 
it  woiikl  he  a  mistake  to  ask  a  well-cH^'^er  to  give  a  lump-sum 
hid  for  securing  an  adequate  supply  of  water;  to  cover  the 
uncertainty  of  his  task  he  is  sure  to  hid  high.  Instead  of  de- 
manding a  definite  lump-sum  hid,  have  him  give  a  l)id  per  foot 
of  depth,  with  a  necessarily  higher  rate  for  drilling  through  any 
rock  strata  that  may  he  encountered. 

The  procedure  in  well-digging  consists  in  dri\ing  the  pipe  down 
until  a  water-l)earing  stratum  is  reached.  A  test  is  then  made 
for  quantity.  A  barrel  of,  say,  fift}-  gallons  capacity,  is  filled  by 
a  power  pump,  the  speed  of  the  latter  and  the  time  required  to 
fill  the  barrel  being  recorded.  The  pump  is  then  kept  running 
for  twenty-four  hours,  after  which  the  barrel-filling  test  is 
repeated,  with  the  pump  set  at  the  same  speed.  If  there  is  no 
appreciable  falling  off  in  the  supply,  it  is  considered  adequate; 
if  the  supply  has  failed  in  the  operation,  the  pipe  is  driven  deeper. 
If  the  quantity  test  has  been  met,  a  (juality  test  by  a  chemist  will 
be  advisable  before  the  prolilcm  may  be  considered  solved. 

The  third  way  in  which  you  may  secure  a  supply  is  to  depend 
for  tlie  main  hulk  of  the  water  used  for  washing  on  a  cistern 


IGG 


BUNGALOWS 

suppliod 


ram  water 
from  llic  ronf.  It  must 
lie  rcmcmlicrcd  in  that 
case  that  a  sliin.iilc  roof 
must  not  lie  croosotod. 
This  iiso  of  raiti  wator 
would  1)('  advisalil(>  only 
iBTB  ■         I  when  th('i'(>  isaii  unfairui<j; 

9V  B         I  s)irin<j,'     ncarliy.     from 

which  it  seems  pi-acti- 
cahle  to  cany  the  amount 
of  water  that  is  needed 
for  drinkiii<!;.  Froquontly, 
however,  where  there  is  a 
spring  that  is  at  all  ade- 
([uate,  you  will  have 
enough  of  a  stream  run- 
ning from  it  to  apjily  (he 
first  method  mentioned 
— the  use  of  a  ram. 
If  a  well  has  heen 
driven  there  are  three  ways  of  i)umping  the  water  from  it  for 
the  supi)ly — the  old-fashioned  windmill,  which  is  probably  too 
apt  to  fail  us  at  the  most  inopportune  mom(>nt,  for  the  reason 
that  in  th(>  driest  weather  the  winds  are  usually  least  active;  or 
one  of  the  many  forms  of  power  punijjs  may  lie  used,  dri\(Mi  by 
a  gasoline  engine,  elect lic  niotoi'.  hoi  air  eimiue,  etc.:  or  by 
means  of  a  hand-pump.  It  will  be  a  matt(>r  of  economy,  where 
provision  has  to  be  made  for  both  lighting  and  pumping  w;it(>r, 
to  use  the  same  engine  for  both  purposes,  coimcitinu  it  up  with 
the  dynamo  for  electric  current  and  with  the  pump  foi-  the 
water  supply.  Hy  rumiing  each  for  .a  short  time  excry  d.ay  the 
attention  recjuired  is  very  small. 

Simpler  than  a  power  pump,  as  well  as  less  exjiensive  to  inst.all, 
is  the  double-acting  h;ind-pum|)  th.at  m.ay  be  inst.alled  in  (he 
kitchen   itself,   as  indicated   in   the  accompanying  ilIus(ra(ion. 


The   kitchen  boiler  in  this  little   luint;al'Av  u^is 

placed  on  the  other  side  of  the  kitchen  partition, 

bringing  it  into   the   bathroom,  which    room   it 

serves  to  heat 


WATER   SUPPLY 


167 


An  equipment  of  this  kind,  which  costs  but  about  ten  dollars, 
has  a  cut-off  valve,  by  means  of  which  water  may  be  pumped 
direct!}-  through  the  sink  faucet,  for  drinkino-  purposes,  or  into 
a  gravity  tank  in  the  attic  to  supply  the  system  under  ordinary 
conditions.  It  will  be  necessary  to  have  seme  sort  of  tank  for 
the  water  supply:  either  a  gravity  tank  in  the  attic,  for  which, 
l)y  the  way,  the  floor  beams  must  be  made  additionally  strong, 
or  one  of  the  modern  pressure  tanks  in  the  cellar  or  in  an  out- 
building. 

The  principle  of  th(>  latter  is  tliis:  the  water  lield  in  tlie  tank 
is  under  air  pressure,  sc'cured  usually  by  pinnping  air  in,  although 
occasif)nally  l)y  pumping  the  water  into  the  tank,  compressing 
what  air  th(»re  is  in  it.     There  are  several  manufacturers  who 


Lxteriors  ott  pa^es  lo6,  107;  other  :  .-5  7  ;r,  /j?  Cximminf^s  &  Howard,  architects 

The  simplest  of  all  lype^  of  ■.■..iiLi  -^upjily  where  a  well  has  been  driven  is  the   hand- 
pump  beside  the  kitchen  sink.     A  cut-off  valve  permits  the   pumping  of  drinking 
water  without  sending  it  through  the  tank 


1G8  B  U  N  G  A  T.  O  W  R 

make  complete  equipments  for  the  water  supply,  includin(>;  the 
well-pump,  the  gasoline  engine  to  run  it  and  the  pressure  tank. 

There  is  just  one  word  of  eaution  that  riiight  he  added,  ^^^lere 
the  bungalow  is  occupied  the  year  around,  an  electric  motor  un- 
doubtedly makes  a  more  dependable  source  of  power  for  the 
pimip,  for  the  reason  that  there  will  be  no  trouble  with  it,  such 
as  occasionally  occurs  with  an  internal  combustion  engine,  due 
to  the  freezing  of  water  in  the  cooling-jacket.  Without  an 
electric  service  main,  however,  there  is  no  choice;  and  if  the 
bungalow  is  occupied  only  in  the  summer  this  trouble  will  not 
present  itself. 

There  is  no  need  to  go  into  the  subject  of  plumbing  fixtures  for 
the  bungalow,  for  these  need  vary  in  no  way  from  those  for  the 
permanent   home. 


Chapter  XIII 

Sewage  Disposal 


4  LMOST  of  equal  importance  with  the  ^vvater  supply  will  be 
y\  the  problem  of  sewage  disposal  for  the  bungalow  where 
it  is  not  possiljle  to  secure  entrance  to  a  community 
drain.  Until  very  recently  the  difficulties  of  this  problem  were 
such  as  to  deter  a  great  many  people  who  had  a  desire  to 
live  in  the  country  from  getting  out  of  touch  with  city  con- 
veniences. 

At  the  present  time,  however,  there  is  no  difficulty  whatever 
in  constructing  a  sewage  disposal  plant  for  the  individual 
bungalow  that  will  not  only  be  effective  in  doing  the  work  for 
which  it  is  intended,  but  which  will  do  this  automatically  for  an 
indefinite  time  without  any  attention  whatever. 

The  system  requires  the  construction  of  an  underground  tank 
of  masonry — pr('feral)ly  of  concrete.  The  tank  should  be 
located  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  where  possible,  in  order  that  the 
water  which  comes  from  it  will  flow  in  a  direction  away  from  the 
house.  The  diagram  will  indicate  just  how  this  modern  type 
of  sewage  disposal  tank,  known  as  a  septic  tank,  should  be 
constructed.  There  are  a  number  of  patterns  of  the  septic  tank, 
most  of  which  depend  upon  some  patented  gate-valve,  siphon 
or  other  device  for  operation.  The  diagram  shows  a  tank 
that  will  provide  the  essential  requirements  without  any  of  the 

(169) 


170 


BUNGALOWS 


'■  /,On$(tudina/   Sc.ctio. 


Cro^s  Jzcf/oo  ^ftm  yYT//- SoA 


The  whole  problem  of  sewage  disposal  for  the  isolated  country  home  of  anv  kind  is 

very  easily  solved  by  the  construction  of  a  septic  tank  a  short  distance  away  from  and 

below  the  house 


delicate  mechanism  of  this  kind,  which  is  nhiiosl  certain  to  get 
nut  of  nrdor  and  render  the  tank  u -eh'ss. 

Tlie  action  accomplished  hy  th;'  tank  consists  in  the  con- 
version of  sewaij:;e,  both  solids  and  licjuids,  into  pure  water 
through  self-dostruction— a  l)acterial  action  that  is  carried  on 
in  an  air-tight  and  light-proof  enclosure. 

Being  lighter  than  water,  the  sewage  rises  to  the  surface  as  it 
enters  the  tank  through  the  main  tile  drain  from  the  l)imgalow. 
In  the  absence  of  air  and  light  in  tlie  upper  portion  of  the  first 
chamber,  the  bacteria  increase  at  an  enormous  rate  and  accom- 
plish the  complete  decomposition  of  the  sewage  into  liquid  form 
within  twenty-four  hours.  From  the  bottom  of  the  first  tank 
the  Hquid  is  siphoned  over  into  what  is  calUnl  the  weir  box, 
designed  mainly  to  prevent  the  agitation  of  the  water  during  its 
transformation.  From  tlienc(Mt  is  re-sipliinicd  into  a  filter  bed 
of  sand  and  charcoal,  fmni  wliicli  it  finall\-  flows  as  pure  as 
spring  water. 

It  is  essential  that  the  first  tank,  or  septic  tank  proper,  should 
be  built  large  enoutjh  to  contain  the  accumiilated  draina.ge 
covering  a  period  of  forty-eii;ht  houis.  in  addition  to  enough 
water  at  the  start  to  cover  the  inlet.  A  tank  four  fetM  deep,  six 
feet  wide  and  eight  feet  long,  or  containing  approximately  two 
hundred  cubic  feet,  will  l)e  sullicieiilly  large  under  ordinary 
circumstances  for  a  family  of  eiglil  or  ten  persons,  provided 
the  lialh  water  and  that  from  (he  kilcheti  sink  is  not  run  into  it. 


SEWAGE    DISPOSAL  171 

Divertinji  tlio  l>atli  and  kitchon  sink  water  will  save  expense  in 
the  construction  of  a  lar<ier  tank.  It  would  be  a{lvisal)le  to  use, 
in  connection  with  the  drain  from  bath  and  kitchen  sink,  a  grease 
trap,  which  requires  cleaninsi;  at  intervals.  From  this  the  water 
may  be  led  in  a  tile  drain  to  irrigate  the  garden,  if  desired. 

Wiile  the  septic  tank  will  never,  except  under  most  extra- 
ordinary conditions,  re([uire  cleaning  or  attention  in  any  way, 
it  may  be  advisable  to  cover  tlie  lop  widi  matched  planking, 
made  perfectly  tight;  or,  if  it  is  desircHl  to  make  the  tank 
throughout  of  concrete  or  brick,  a  manhol(>  may  be  left  in  the  top. 
In  either  case  the  top  of  the  whole  system  may  be  covered  with 
earth,  so  that  to  all  appearances  the  final  outlet  is  merely  an 
outlet  for  surplus  water  from  the  hillside  al)ove. 

It  should  need  no  further  argument  to  convince  the  bungalow 
builder  that  dependence  upon  any  one  of  the  old  sewage  disposal 
methods,  in  common  use  until  recent  years,  would  be  mere  folly. 
At  best  they  were  germ  breeders  of  the  worst  type,  not  to 
mention  the  contiinious  expense^  involved  in  cleaning  them  and 
keeping  them  in  working  order. 


r 

1 

w 

Kw^^gi^^gggH^^H 

B 

o  _ 


Chapter  XIV 

P I  (1  n  fifJg' 


TOO  often  the  bungalow  or  temporary  summer  home  is 
never  given  a  setting  of  flowers,  vines  and  shrul)s  that 
would  make  it  seem  at  home  in  its  site  The  owner 
excuses  his  neglect  of  planting  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  he  goes 
out  to  the  summer  home  as  late  as  June,  when  it  seems  hardly 
worth  while  planting  anything,  even  if  that  were  not  too  late 
to  get  things  well  started. 

The  solution  of  this  problem  lies  in  fall  planting — the  best  sea- 
son of  the  }'ear  to  set  out  most  of  the  hardy  perennials,  shrubs 
and  bulbs.  Once  planted,  the  majority  of  these  need  no  further 
attention,  with  the  exception  of  dividing  the  clumps  when  these 
grow  too  large.  Following  that  plan  alone  would  mean  plenty  of 
liloom  next  year,  but  it  would  not  help  the  appearance  of  the 
bungalow  this  summer.  The  latter  problem  may  be  easily 
solved  also,  and  it  may  be  well  to  take  that  up  first. 

First  and  most  important  among  the  elements  which  will  give 
the  desired  effects  in  the  shortest  possible  time  is  the  gladiolus. 
The  bulbs  are  tender;  that  is,  they  must  be  set  each  spring — 
at  any  time  from  Ma}-  first  to  July  first  By  making  several 
plantings,  say  two  weeks  apart,  beginning  May  fifteenth  or  June 
first,  a  continuous  bloom  ma}  be  had  from  earl}'  in  July  until 
late  in  September.     The  bulbs  must  be  taken  up  aftei  the  foliage 

(173) 


P  L  A  X  T  I  N  G 


175 


has  lurucd  yollow,  aiul  dried  for  phuitin<i;  out  a,ii;aiii  the  foUowuig 
year.  To  anyone  who  has  not  .seen  tlie  recent  improvements 
in  gladioli,  (he  variety  and  l)eauty  of  tliis  Hower,  particularly 
for  cutting,  will  be  a  welcome  surprise. 

Let  me  add  just  a  word  of  caution  in  regard  to  the  planting 


pj^W 

L— ^   -'jji^gLais.^ 

Petunias   will  thrive  in  almost  any  soil  and  make  a  splendid  showing  at 
once.     It  is  possible  to  buy  plants  from  the  fierist  for  effect  the  first  season 


of  these  bulbs.  Almost  everybody  but  an  expert  will  fail  to 
plant  them  deep  enough.  The  bulb's  first  step  after  being 
pu(  ill  tile  ground  is  to  form  a  new  growth  on  tof)  of  the  old  one, 
and  from  this  the  roots  start.  Shallow  planting,  therefore, 
leaves  the  root  system  so  near  the  surface  of  the  soil  that  the 
weight  of  the  heav_\-  stalk  soon  topples  it  over.  Plant  the  bulbs 
about  five  inches  deep,  and  you  will  pr()l)ably  find  the  customary 
staking  an  unnecessary  precaution. 

Additional  bloom  for  this  first  season  may  be  had  by  purchas- 
ing plants  of  the  petunia,  snapdragon,  verbeiia  and  Japanese 
anemone.  Petunias  thrive  in  practically  any  soil;  snapdragon 
keeps  everlastingly  at  its  work  of  producing  flowers  from  the 
middle  of  June  until  the  fall  frosts;  verbenas  come  into  bloom 
about  July  first,  and  continue  until  frost;  and  the  anemones 
will  brighten  Sejjtember  and  early  October. 


170 


B  V  X  r,  A  T>  O  W  S 


^'i^os  arc  prul)al)ly  the  most  readily  available  of  all  the  prow- 
iiiii;  thiniiis  to  serve  in  hleiulint:  harnioiiiously  touether  the  work 
of  man  and   that   of  Nature.     'J'hey  may  lie  piu'chased  from  a 


The  Kudzu  vine  is  a  remarkably  rapid  grower  from  Japan,  often  attain- 
ing a  height  of  fifty  feet  in  a  single  season 


florist  or  nurseryman,  in  pots,  and  planlcd  at  any  lime  from 
spriiiij;  until  fall.  It  will  he  found  advisalde,  then,  to  start  at 
once  the  ones  that  will  he  the  permantMit  features  of  the  place — 
English  ivy  for  th(>  .shady  side  of  tlic  l)uilding,  and  Boston  ivy, 


PLANTING 


17: 


lot  us  say,  for  the  sunny  side.  While  these  are  making  their 
comparatively  slow  growth,  a  temporary  covering  for  the  trellises 
or  walls  may  be  started — the  common  but  never  commonplace 
morning-glory,  the  Vir- 
ginia Creeper  and  perhaps 
that  marvclously  rapid 
grower  from  Japan — the 
Kudzu  vine 

As  to  the  problem  of 
next  year's  bloom  —  as 
well  as  that  for  the  years 
to  come,  I  am  going  to 
assume  that  the  owner 
of  a  bungalow  wants  to 
secure  a  maximum  of 
effect  with  a  minimum  of 
labor.  No  doubt  there 
will  l)e  many  exceptions 
to  this  indiscriminate 
characterization,  but  the 
man  who  is  a  garden 
enthusiast  or  a  specialist 
along  some  particular 
gardening  line  will  not  be  likely  to  look  for  suggestions  here. 

It  sounds  decidedly  paradoxical,  does  it  not,  to  affirm  that  the 
man  who  has  the  least  amount  of  spare  time  to  spend  upon 
(he  appearance  of  his  l)ungalow  surroundings  may  have  the 
very  best  that  the  horticultural  world  offers?  It  really  sounds 
too  good  to  be  true;  yet  that  is  what  I  am  going  to  try  to  vshow. 

I  shall  never  forget  the  fec^ling  of  utter,  hopeless  ignorance  that 
swept  over  me  when  my  eyes  were  first  opened  to  the  beauty,  my 
understanding  to  the  joy,  that  a  garden  offers.  As  I  pored  over 
book  and  magazine,  seedmen's  catalogues  and  planting  tables, 
there  gradually  came  a  realization  of  the  inmiensity — the  real 
awe-ins])iring  depth,  of  the  subject.  The  terms,  "annual," 
"perennial,"     'herbaceous    shrub,"     "mulch"    and    "scale," 


( 

At 

1  .^\ 

• ... 

'4 

•• 

• 

1 

0^' 

4      «».v 

•  .1,' 

0^ 

Plant  snowdrops  for  March — the   tirst  sign  of 
life  about  the   bungalow  in  the  spring 


BUXC;  ALOWS 


For  April's  bloom  you  should  have  for- 

sythia  or  golden  bells  — one  of  the   first 

shrubs  to  bloom 


For  May  nothing  is  more  effective  than 

the  German  iris,  if   planted  in  generous 

masses 


meant  as  little  to  me  as  did  the  portcntious  Latin  names  of 
i:;enera  and  variety.  At  the  mere  thought  that  any  mind  eould 
ever  f^rasp  all  the  details  of  nomenclature,  the  manner  of  plants' 
<z;ro\vth,  their  respective  heiiihts,  time  and  length  of  bloom, 
color,  requirements  of  soil,  li.uht,  shade  and  moisture,  sowiiiii, 
transplant ini:,  pninini;- and  fertilizinii  -  at  the  mere  thouiihf  that 
a  siiiiilc  niiiid  must  he  altle  to  cocu'dinate  all  these  and  many 
other  facts  hefore  plaimin.i;  a  garden  that  would  iiive  continuous 
and  harmonious  hloom,  my  n^asoii  faiil\-  (ottered.  \or  does 
Ihc  prdlilcin  scciii  much  easier  on  closer  actiuaiiilauce.  'V\u' 
reallv  successful  "garden."  as  we  understand  the  term  a 
•garden  of  some  extent,  in  which  are  found  at  least  the  main 
representatives  of  the  floral  kitiudom,  arranged  in  close  and 
always  harmonious  relationshi|i,  is  never  achievetl  in  a  day. 
Onlv  year  after  year  of  tireless  experimentinir,  with  adherence 
to  a  sin^rle   ireneral  plan  for  the  whole,  will  bring  at  last  a  fair 


P  L A  X  TING 


179 


approximation  of 
the  ideal  —  never 
the  j!;oal  itself. 

But  how,  then,  is 
the  man  with  Httle 
time  to  spare,  goint; 
to  achieve  even  a 
reasonaljle  measure 
of  success  in  the 
setting  for  his  sum- 
mer home?  In  a 
word,he  will  achieve 
it  by  planting  gener- 
ous masses  of  only 
a  few  things,  ami 
those  the  real  giants 
of  the  garden — the  ''stars"  of  the 

Did  you  ever  stop  to   think   that 


The  peony-  -a  plant  almost  without  an  enemy 

— should  rule  June ;  if  you  have  time  for  their 

care,  add  roses 


shrub,    Van 


j;ardcn  stage. 
every  month  from  early 
spring  through  the  au- 
tumn brings  at  least  one 
(lowering  plant  that 
stands  supreme  among  its 
fellows — the  peony  of 
June,  the  hardy  chrysan- 
tluMiium  of  November, 
for  instance?  But  mere 
superiority  of  appearance 
will  not  be  enough  as  the 
test  for  those  plants  that 
will  bring  success  to  our 
bungalow  garden.  We 
must  lia\('  only  those 
things  that  need  little  or 
no  care,  that  are  highly 
resistant  to  the  army  of 
garden    pests.      Aiul    we 


ISO 


BUNGALOWS 


Let  a  row  of  stately   h  ii;,li  n  l,,   dominate  the 
garden  in  July 


shall  prefer  a  variety  of 
form,  so  that  all  shall  not 
be  border  flowers,  or 
vinos. 

\\'hat  we  do  want, 
then,  is  a  steady  succes- 
sion of  the  really  big  gar- 
den features — a  variety  of 
them,  resistant  to  disease, 
and  each  fully  capable  of 
occupying  the  whole  stage 
at  the  height  of  its  glory. 
And  if  tliey  are  to  do  this 
in  a  really  satisfying  way 
we  must  plant  generous 
masses  of  each.  A  plant 
or  two,  or  a  shrub  or  two. 
from  among  those  we 
select  will  make  l)ut  a  feeble  showing.  Each  must  seize  the 
stage  in  its  turn  with  a  blare  of  trumpets — and  hold  it  for  its 
appointed  time.  Whether  there  is  to  be  one  large  group  of  each 
selection,  or  several  groups  at  different  points  throughout  the 
garden,  is  a  matter  to  be  determined  by  the  plan  of  your  own 
particular  place.  Only  let  there  be  not  the  slightest  doubt,  at 
any  time,  as  to  which  particular  star  is  holding  the  stage. 

Well,  let  us  get  at  this  matter  of  selecting  those  things  that 
are  to  reign,  each  in  its  turn.  I  have  no  doubt  that  you  will 
disagree  with  me  on  many  of  the.se;  but  do  not,  I  beg  of  you, 
discard  the  principle  of  the  tiling  if  your  garileniug  knowledge 
is  small  and  your  gardening  time  very  limited;  substitute  other 
plants  or  shrubs  or  vines,  if  you  will— this  is  but  a  personal 
choice. 

For  the  very  first  flower  of  March,  I  nominate  the  snowdrop — 
the  common  old-fashioned  .sort  that  lu-ars  the  weighty  name  of 
Cinlnnthiis  nivalis.  It  is  the  first  sign  of  awakening  Nature, 
appcarihg  often   beside   patches  of  snow — the   most    inspiring, 


PLANTING 


181 


ethereal,  delicate  white 
flower  imajiiiiable.  Plant 
the  Imlbs  in  the  fall,  scat- 
tered over  a  patch  of  lawn 
that  is  partially  shaded — 
preferably  b}'  dusky  ever- 
greens. Plant  several 
hundred  of  the  tiny  l)ulb.s. 
at  least.  The  flower  is  so 
small  that  it  simply  must 
have  the  reinforcement  of 
plenty  of  its  fellows — and 
they  cost  but  a  dollar  a 
hundred.  Once  set,  they 
may  be  forjiotten — until 
they  overwhelm  you  with 
their  charming  message 
that  spring  has  returned. 

For  April's  share  in  the 
pageant  of  bloom  let  me  recommend  the  forsythia  or  golden 
bells.  You  know  the  shrub — the  first  and  one  of  the  very  few 
yellow-flowering  ones.  Its  drooping  branches  burst  into  a  mass 
of  gold  from  base  to  tip  before  the  trees  really  get  under  way 
in  their  leaf -making.  The  variety  Forsythia  Fortunei  is  prob- 
ably the  best.  Plant  several  masses  of  the  shrubs  in  the  back- 
ground of  your  border;  their  foliage  will  set  off  the  flowers  that 
come  later.  Here  again  the  groups,  once  planted,  preferably  in 
the  fall,  need  no  further  attention  for  years  to  come. 

Call  me  inconsistent  if  you  will,  but  I  am  going  to  name  two 
stars  to  rule  May.  My  plea  is  that  the  time  has  come  when  we 
must  have  a- border  flower  coming  into  the  limelight — we,  have 
had  bull)s  and  shrubs;  and  yet  we  need  more  of  the  foliage- 
producing  element  to  form  l)ackgrounds  for  later  effects,  and 
to  give  that  air  of  .solidity  and  permanence  to  the  garden  that 
shrubs  do  give.  So  it  is  to  be  the  German  iris — in  mass  once 
more,  and  that  most  dazzling  of  shrubs,  the  Spircea  Van  Houttei. 


Hiawatha,  a    sturdy    cliinbing    rose   for  July 
bloom  —the   petals  are  crimson  to  white  with 
yellow  anthers 


182 


bt'X(;alows 


I  shall  leave  the  choice  of  colorinus  in  the  iris  to  your  own  taste; 
there  are  varieties  in  white,  pink,  (Iccp  ])ur|)l(\  lavender  and 
vellow,  with  almost  innunieral)le  combinations  of  these.  What- 
ever you  choose,  plant  plenty  of  white,  to  set  the  other  colors 
off  to  best  advantafie.  The  spireas  will  need  no  attention  after 
the  first  planting  in  a  large,  deeply  worked  location,  .\fter 
setting  out  the  irises,  in  early  fall,  all  they  will  requiic  will  be 
an  occasional  division  of  the  clumps  as  these  grow  too  bii;.      In 


Nothing  compares  v.'ith  the  hardy  hydrangea  for  bloom  from  August  well 
into  winter.     The  great  heads  of  bloom,  cut  after  frost  has  turned  them 
pink,  will  last   indoors,  dry,  for  a  year 

dividing,  do  not  make  the  clumps  too  small,  or  you  will  lose  a 
season  of  bloom. 

So  we  come  to  June — the  queen  of  all  the  months  in  the  garden, 
and  what  a  wealth  of  material  it  brings  us  from  which  to  choo.se! 
At  the  risk  rather,  upon  the  certainty — of  being  branded  a 
heretic,  I  am  going  to  pa.ss  by  tiie  vo.se  and  advise  you  to  give 
June  over  to  the  peony.  I  have  no  prejudice  against  the  rose, 
but  its  .smaller  enemies  in  the  animal  kingdom  certainly  have, 
if  we, may  judge  by  the  viciousness  of  their  attacks  uj)on  it. 
What  with  the  rose-bug  and  the  mildew  and  the  l)lackspot  and 
the  greenfly  and  the  scale  and  the  slug,  the  "  (jueen  of  flowers" 
would  give  our  suminer  lioiiic  dwiicr  I  r()iil)lesome  times  in  pro- 
longing her  reign.  The  peony,  on  the  other  hand,  does  not 
seem  to  have  an  enemy  in  the  world.     Up  come  its  deep  red 


P  L  A  N  T I  N  G 


183 


shoots  with  tho  .spnnj;"-flo\venn<^  bulbs,  and  they  bring  in  June 
a  wealth  of  ])l()oni  that  truly  is  incomparable.  All  the  peony 
asks  is  to  l)e  well  fed.  Set  out  the  dormant  roots  in  the  fall, 
and  the  only  labor  to  follow  is  an  annual  rich  mulch  of  mamu'e 
in  Xovoniber.  an  application  or  two  of  li(iuid  manure  as  a  stim- 
ulant when  the  flowering 
begins,  and  every  three 
years  or  so  a  division  o^ 
the  clumps.  Here  again, 
I  shall  leave  the  selection 
of  colors  and  types  of 
flowers  to  yom-  own  good 
judgment.  Just  a  word 
of  caution,  1  h  o  u  g  h  : 
Choose  largely  from  the 
good  old  tried-and-truc 
sorts;  there  are  magnifi- 
cent new  v^arieties  con- 
stantly being  put  fortli. 
but  many  of  th(>m  :\rv 
only  different  from,  not 
better  than,  the  thor- 
oughly fixed  varieties. 

For  July  I  would  sug- 
gest   hollyhocks — a 

stately  row  of  tliein  nodchng  in  at  the  windows,  preferably  along 
the  sunny  sid(>  of  th(>  hou.se.  Do  not  neglect  the  old-fa.shioned 
single-flowered  \arieties  — in  pale  pink,  yellow  and  red — in  favor 
of  the  newer  double  sorts,  though  some  of  the  latter  will  add  to 
the  interest  of  the  showing.  Hollyhocks  are  supposed  to  be  bien- 
nials— that  is,  the  plants  from  seed  sown  one  fall  will  bloom  only 
in  the  second  summer  to  follow.  As  a  matter  of  fact  though,  the 
plants  continue  to  bloom  usually  for  several  years  after  that, 
and  as  the  seeds  sow  themselves  you  will  never  lack  for  thrifty 
young  bloomers,  provided  only  that  the  soil  in  which  they  grow 
is  really  deep —three  feet  of  loose  loam  if  possilile.     .Vnd  with 


S[»  iioMiin  lilic ,  may  well  form  the  background 

of   the    garden   display  in  August,   with  a   few 

Auratums,  the  beautiful  lily  of  Japan 


184 


BUXOALOWS 


(he  hollyhock,  to  add  to  my  iiiconsisteiicy,  and  at  the  same  time 
throw  a  sop  to  the  man  who  refuses  to  live  without  some  sort  of 
a  rose,  I  would  brighten  July  with  one  of  the  hardy  climhing 
roses — by  preference  a  hybrid  of  the  good  old  Memorial  or  Rosa 
Wichiirnidud.  There  are  plenty  from  which  to  choose  - 
Hiawatha   (see  illustration \  a  chaniiiim-  coinliination  of  ruby- 


Let   the   phloxes  rule  October     the   later-flowering    sorts,   wiili 
white  masses  to  set  off  the  pinks  and  reds 


.       .      J 

t-lllV     of 


crimson  and  white  with  yellow  anthers;  the  well  known  Dorothy 
Perkins,  a  pink  double;  Oardenia,  a  yellowish  white  double; 
Tausendschcui.  pink  double;  Lady  (lay,  shell-i>ink  double  in 
clust(M-s,  and  others.  And  there  is  another  reason  for  adding 
a  climbing  rose  to  our  list:  it  will  help  to  blend  the  bungalow 
with  its  site  more  satisfactorily  than  shrubs  alone  or  border 
flowers  alone,  or  the  two  together. 

For  August  the  Hly  would  be  my  choice.  It  brings  to  the 
hst  a  new  note  in  its  stateline.ss  and  purity.  And  Lilium  specio- 
swn,  it  seems  to  me,  should  form  the  backbone  of  the  di.splay. 
The  Aural  Kill  lily,  from  Japan,  blooms  at  about  the  .same  time, 
and  is  consid(>red  by  many  to  be  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the 
famil\ ,  but  it  is  ;ipt  to  die  out  after  about  three  years,  so  it  is 
well  to  plant  only  a  few  bulbs  of  it  with  the  speciosums.  With 
the  lily  will  come  into  lilooni  one  of  the  finest  shrubs  that  we 
have  —the  hanl\-  hydnini^ea,  and   it    must   lie  added   to  our  list 


P  L  A  X  T I  N  G 


185 


to  carry  on  into  the  fall  the  burden  of  bloom.  The  great  heads 
of  white  turn  pink  with  the  cool  weather  and  if  cut  off  after  the 
first  severe  frosts,  they  will  hold  their  color  throughout  the 
winter  indoors.  Put  a  large  bunch  of  them  in  a  brass  l)owl 
on  some  high  shelf  or  other  out-of-the  way  place.  Severe 
pruning  in  the  late  fall  or 
winter  is  all  that  the  hy- 
drangea needs;  the  bloom 
is  borne  on  the  new  wood 
each  season. 

The  dahlia  is  the  reign- 
ing star  of  the  September 
garden,  and  if  you  have 
not  recently  seen  the 
amazing  variety  of  form 
and  color  in  which  it  is 
now  obtainable,  there  is  a 
rare  treat  in  store  for  you. 
It  alone  of  the  list  will 
need  annual  planting; 
each  fall,  late,  the  bulbs 
will  have  to  be  taken  up, 
hung  in  a  dry  place  in- 
doors to  ripen,  and  set  out 
again  in  May.  The  best  way  to  choose  the  varieties  you  want 
is  to  visit  a  dahlia  exhibition  in  the  fall,  or  note  the  ones  that 
appeal  to  you  in  some  other  garden. 

In  Octol)er  the  late  varieties  of  phlox  are  fully  able  to  keep  up 
the  high  standartl  of  attractions  that  your  all-star  garden  has  set. 
Avoid  the  pale  purple  shades  in  favor  of  pinks,  cherry  reds  and 
plenty  of  white.  Jeanne  d'Arc  is  one  of  the  best  white  late- 
flowering  varieties.  In  choosing  other  colors  take  the  late- 
flowering  ones  in  order  that  the  showing  may  not  rival  that  of  the 
July  and  August  stars. 

Late  in  Octol)er  and  during  tlio  first  half  of  November  the 
choice    of    attractions    is    decidedly    hmited,    but    the    hardy 


The  dahlia  is  unquestionably  the  reigning  flower 
of  September 


PLAN  T.I  N  G 


187 


chrysanthemum  fortu- 
nately gives  us  a  variety 
and  beauty  of  l)loom  that 
needs  no  apolofiios  what- 
ever. Here  again  I 
would  advise  a  choice 
from  the  wealth  of  varie- 
ties shown  each  year  at 
one  of  the  fall  exhil)i- 
tions.  The  names  alone 
mean  little  or  nothing. 
Order  plants  to  he  dehv- 
ered  May  first.  Once  set 
in  place  they  will  need 
no  further  attention. 

With  the  suggestion 
that  the  bungalow  owner 
plant  a  few  shrubs  for 
winter  cheer — the  sumach 
and  the  barberry,  for 
instance,  I  will  leave  him 
to  his  exceedingly  Ught 
labors  and  his  most 
abundant  rewards.  He 
may  be  planning  to  use 
his  bungalow  home  for 
but  a  few  months  in  the 
year;  in  that  case  he  may 
feel  that  some  of  the  early 
spring  and  winter  attrac- 
tions may  be  omitted. 
Keeping  in  mind  our 
obhgations  to  ncighljors 
and  even  to  the  casual 
passer-by,  and  incident- 
ally  the   occasional 


The  many  varieties   of   the   hardy   chrysanthe- 
mum will  brighten  the   garden  in  October  and 
early  November 


For  the  temporary  home  you  can  have,  at  least, 

flowering  plants  in  boxes  set  around  the  porch 

railing 


188 


Brx(;  A  [.ows 


week-end  visits  to  the  bungalow  at  odd  times,  the  chances  are 
that  the  carrying  out  of  our  whole  planting  scheme,  as  outlined, 
will  not  result  in  an  alarming  waste  of  beauty. 


A  very  simple  clapboarded  bungalow  in  its  typically  luxuriant  California 
setting.     We   cannot  all  have  rose  hedges    but  we  can  do  at  least  some- 
thing towards  blending  our  summer  homes  with  their  surroundings 


INDEX 


Acetylene  gas,  160 
Adirondack  lodge  type,  37 
Andirons,  146 
Anemone,  Japanese,  175 
Architect,  need  for,  55 
Asbestos  shingles,  109 
Ash-drop,  145 

Battens  for  outside  walls,  95 
Battened  l:)oards  for  exterior  walls,  95 
Battened  boards  for  interior  finish, 

122,  123 
Barberry,  187 
Bedrooms,  118,  131 
Bedrooms,  interior  finish  for,  122 
Bedstead,  cedar,  151 
Bookcases,  built-in,  144 
Boston  Ivy,  17(5 
Brick  piers,  90 
Built-in  furniture,  153 
Bungalow,  meaning  of  the  term,  5 
Burlap,  121,  123 

Calcium  carbide,  161 
Camps,  35,  73 
Casement  windows,  121 
Caulking  slab  walls,  107 
Ceilings,  129 

Central  living-room  type,  66 
"Chicago  School"  type,  41 
Chimney,  137 
Chinmey,  height  of,  142 
Chrj'santhemums,  hardy,  187 
Cistern  for  rain  water,  166 
Clapboards  for  walls,  103 
giinker  brick,  20 


Community  of  bungalows,  23,  77 
Compo-board,  15 
Concrete,  cost  of,  S9 
Concrete,  formula;  for  mixing,  89 
Concrete  piers,  88 
Cost,  in  general,  7,  63 
Cost  of  log  walls,  103 
Creosote  stains  114 

Dahlia,  185 

Design  of  mountain  bimgalow,  55 

Design  of  seacoast  bimgalow,  t58,  47 

Design  of  woods  liungalow,  54 

Dining-porch,  85 

Dining-rooms,  125,  129,  133,  151 

Door-frames,  120 

Doors,  stock,  for  interior  walls,  128 

Dormitory  in  second  story,  73,  SO,  81 

Drainage,  169 

Drop-siding  for  walls,  98 

Electricity,  161 

Enclosed  porch,  122 

English  Ivy,  176 

Environment,  harmony  with,  62 

Expense  of  the  one-.story  plan,  7,  63 

Fad,  bungalow  as  a,  20 

Fireplace,  the,  135 

Firei^lace,   diagram  for  brick,  138 

Fireplace,  diagram  for  stone,  139 

Fireplace  flue,  136 

Fireplaces,  7,  16,  134,  136,  140,  142, 

143,  144,  145,  146,  147 
Fireplaces,  remedying  faulty,  145 


Fire-tools,  147 
Floor  hoards,  132 
Floor  coverings,  154 
Floor  coverings   for  porch,  15G 
Floor  joists,  ventilation  of,  93 
Forsythia,  178,  181 
Foundations,  17,  58,  87 
Foundations  in  clay,  87 
Foundations  in  sand,  49 
Foundation  jiiei-s,  concrete,  88 
Furniture  and  furnishing,  149 
Furniture,  built-in,  153 
Furniture,  home-made,  154 
Furniture  of  hickory,  153 
Furniture  of  willow,  wicker,  etc.,  1  19, 
157 

Gas  in  portable  tanks,  159 
Gasoline  vai)or  for  lighting,  1(J2 
German  Iris,  17S,  LSI 
Gladiohis,  173,  174 
Gravity  tank  for  water  sui)ply,  1(17 
Guttei-s,  roof,  IIG 

Hearth,  constniction  of,  142 
Hemlock  boards  for  walls,  95 
Hollyhocks,  180,  183 
Homc-maile  furniture,  154 
Horizontal  boards  for  exterior  walls, 

98 
House  along  bungalow  lines,  43 
Hydrangea,  182,  1,S4 


Kitchen,  167 

Kud/.u  vine,  176,  177 

Latticework  between  piers,  93 
Lighting,  ])lanning  for,  51,  56,  65,  79, 

80,  84 
1  lighting  .systems,  159 
Lilies,  auratum,  184 
Lilies,  speciosum,  183,  184 
Living-rooms,  6,  112,  119,  120,  126, 

127,  128,  130,  132,  144,  145,  146, 

148,  150,  152,  158 
T-ocust  posts  for  foundation  piers,  90 
Log  walls,  trouble  from  borers,  103 
Logs  for  walls,  11,  99 

.Mantels,  135 

Materials  for  hillside  l)ungalow,  (iO 

Materials  for  interior  walls,  117 

Materials  for  roof,  109 

Materials  for  walls,  11,  95 

Materials  for  woods  bimgalow,  54 

Mattings,  154 

Morning-glory,  177 

Mountain  btmgalows,  55 

Mountain  bungalows,  color,  61 

Mountain  l)ungal(>ws,   general  form, 

56 
North  Carolina  pine  ceiling,  122 

Oak  ]iaiieling  for  walls,  12S 
Ornaments,  155 


Indian  bungalow,  5 
Inside  linisli,  1  I 
Interior  (ini>li,  1 17 
Iris,  German,  17S,  isi 
Ivy,  Boston,  176 
Ivy,  English,  17() 

Japanese  .\nemone,  175 

Java  mats  for  waM  coverings,  124 


I'atio  bungalow,  25,  6S,  69,  70 

Peonies,  179,  1S2 

Permanent  home  tyjic,  41 

Petunias,  175 

Phlox,  184,  185 

Piazza,  10 

Plan  for  n;inow  lot,  7n,  72,  73,  74 

Planning,  9,  63 

Planting,  173 


Pliistcr-l)oard  for  interior  llni^h,  12:5 
riuiabing  fixtures,  168 
Porch,  enclosed,  122 
Porch,  furnishinji  the,  150 
Porches,  153,  15-1,  15(1,  1,S7 
Portable  bungalows,  ;>;5,  75,  7S,  711. 
Pressure  tank  for  water  sup])l\",  107 
Puinjis,  160,  107 

Ruin  water,  colleclini;-,  114 

Rentals,  25 

Rest  Houses,  5 

Roof,  necessity  for  simi)lc,  SI 

Roofing  materials,  lOU 

Ro.se,  climbing,  Hiawatha,  I  SI 

Roses,  179,  182 

Roses,  dimbmg,  18-1 

Rugs,  155 

Rugs  for  porch,  15() 

Screened  porch,  SI 

Screens  for  windows,  121 

Seacoast  bungalow  type,  oS,  -17 

Septic  tank,  169 

Septic  tank,  diagram  of,  170 

Service  cjuarters,  isolation  of,  61 

Sewage  disjiosal,  169 

Shinglc-laths,  110 

Shingle  roofing,  1 1 0 

Siiingle  roof,  life  of  a.  111 

Shingle  roofs,  inside  appearance,  \'M 

Shingle  stains,  113 

Shingles  for  walls,  98 

Slabs  for  interior  finish,  125 

Slalis  for  walls,  13,  105 


Slate  roofing,  109 
Sleejiing-porch,  81 
Snapdragon,  175 
Snowdrojjs,  177,  ISO 
Spanish  Mission  type,  68,  69 
Si)irea,  Van  Houtte's,  179,  182 
St[uare  plan  inexpensive,  (55 
Stenciling  furniture,  150 
Stone  piers,  90 

Storage  Ijatteries  for  lighting,  162 
Sumach,  187 
Summer-house,  37 
Swiss  chalet  type,  29,  56 

Tent-houses,  31 

Test  for  bungalow  classification,  45 

Tm  roofing,  109 

Trees,  51 

Types  of  bungalows,  19 

Ventilation,  air  sjkic(>  for,  7 
Verbena,  175 
\'irginia  Creeper,  177 
\'istas  in  ]ilanning,  66 
V-joiuted  ceiling  boards,  122 

Wain.scoting,  122 

Wall  coverings,    121,    123,   124,   128 

129 
Wall  materials,  exterior,  95 
Water  sui)ply,  160,  164 
Weil-digging,  164 
Windmill,  165,  100 
Window-frames,  120 


;-^      ^xMUBRARYQ<^ 


^snmm'^'    '^^/smm^ 


mMmRi^^       ^OFCA!IFO% 


% 


^OFCAl[fOR^ 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

Return  this  material  to  tfie  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


JAN  '^G199J 


V  LD-URl 
JAN  16  1996 


I ,-.  ,i  f cT.' 


LtU 


"oxmrni:^ 


^mmiiijy 


^mmmi. 


^m\mS/Ai.       A>:lOSANCFI/r. 


0/: 


•  I  -  ^  ^l  I 


mmm^      '^yommt^    ^Hvaaiii'^^ 


F     % 


..  .\Wf-llNIVR% 


.^^■mmms^. 


^s\T  lIBRAmw 


^jM-tlBRARY^?/ 


1^1 

# 

'^^aodiivj 

%a3AiNn]\\v^ 

'^'^OAUVHa, 

A^^ 

lllllillllllllllllllllilllllnlliiiilllliiiilliiilllllill' 

D     000  000  736    9 


«to  AWEUNIVER%       ^lOSANCfl£r>^ 


aweuni^ 


"r>  <sXtUERARYa<- .        <\\11IBRARY(9/- 


.\\\ruN'!vm/A      .vinsvvs'cripn. 


''ciwjiivjju' 
-.-OF  CAlIFimv 


{.MNIIiUv  ■'o'Aavfliiirix--         --t/Aavfldii-ix^'  ''■JiUMSUl-'*" 


0/ 


^        ^ 


a^  <!T" 


'■^j;§. 


^IIBRARYQr^       ^MJBBARY(9^^  ^^^i^f-UNIVfRy/^,        _^^\OSMCFIfj^  ^t-llBRARY^ 


